We hear so much about yoga and women. What do you think yoga has to offer men?
First of all, more men take yoga than you think. My classes are about 30 to 50 percent men. I do think yoga has a lot to offer men. I just think it's harder for men to begin initially because of the male stereotypes in our society.
Men are supposed to be strong and goal oriented and to identify physically and mentally with sports. But what many men discover is that the stereotype of a strong, independent male is very isolating and doesn't really work. They begin to look inward and begin to move toward relationships with themselves and with others. Yoga is all about relationships between the body and the breath, the muscles and the skeletal structure, between your physical self and your emotions, your mind and your body, yourself and your community. It gives men permission to stop and listen to their inner voice.
Many men prefer the rigors of contact or competitive sports. Can a yoga practice help them perform their chosen sport better? How?
I think so. Every sport has a unique vocabulary and we often find it difficult to translate the kinesthetic language of one sport into another way of moving.
If we've trained for years to be a gymnast, for example, our body responds a certain way. Certain muscles are always contracted; others are loose. The body sets up particular neurological and neuromuscular patterns that stay the same and serve us in that sport. We breathe a certain way; we move a certain way. We often injure the same muscles or ligaments in the same way.
Yoga brings the body back into balance, into its natural alignment. Yoga, with its full spectrum of poses-prone, supine, backward bending, forward bending-can teach someone where imbalances and physical weaknesses are and can help strengthen the body. Yoga can help enhance an athlete's performance in his sport by teaching how to breathe properly, how to relax and how to gain flexibility.
What advice can you give men who may be interested in yoga but don't know how to begin?
Taking a yoga class in a health club is a good way to start. I'd also tell them not to get discouraged. Most men are very competitive and have used their bodies that way all their lives. Suddenly they come into a yoga class and everyone can do the poses so much better than they can. They begin to compare themselves to everyone else and it sometimes feels downright humiliating. Often their first inclination is to give up. Staying with it will not only be good for their body-giving strength, flexibility, and balance-but also good for balancing their mind and emotions.
I want to teach men that it's good to come up against obstacles, it's good to be faced with what you see as your weaknesses. By doing that, you not only begin to understand who you are, but you begin to develop a sense of compassion and acceptance.
Saturday, December 15, 2007
Yoga for Cancer Recovery
You are diagnosed with cancer, receiving chemotherapy or radiation treatment, recovering from surgical tumor removal, or in remission. You may be dealing with symptoms or side effect, anxiety or emotional issues.
What can you do for yourself that will help ease your symptoms, give you more energy, calm your mind, and give you tools for accepting, loving and motivating yourself? Try yoga as an adjunct to your medical treatment.
Yoga is an ancient practice of integrating the body, breath, and mind. There are many different styles and ways to practice yoga. For cancer recovery, try gentle yoga, yoga therapy, restorative yoga, yoga for healing, and yoga for beginners. There are several books and videos for different age groups, levels, and considerations. Another option you have is to take a group class or work with a yoga teacher or yoga therapist one-on-one. Go with what motivates you to continue to practice.
One big motivation may also be your body. It may be calling for your attention with fatigue, less range of motion, or pain. In yoga, the body is addressed by practicing physical postures (also called asanas). These stimulate and balance all the systems of the body: musculoskeletal, nervous system, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive and urogenital. As we now know, the whole person is affected when something is out of balance, as a number of postures are practiced in a sequence to address the whole body.
Depending on what parts of your body are affected, what type of cancer you have (or had), and your physical abilities, your practice will be specific to you. You may not be able to safely or comfortably do the posture the way the teacher or someone else is doing it. That's okay. Modify or change the position so it feels good for you. You will find out what works for you, what you are able to do, and what helps you to move in a positive direction.
When you are practicing a posture, do what you can without creating more pain. You may feel discomfort, but going to the point of sharp pain is not going to benefit you. Sometimes the postures are easier if you don't try as hard - if you actually do less. Ask yourself if you can let go of something: it could be tension or holding in the body, or it could be an expectation or judgment you have about yourself.
An important aspect of yoga is the integration of the breath with the movement or posture. To get a feel for this, you can gently squeeze and release the hands with coordination of the breath with the movement. Next, move to raising the arms at the rhythm of the breath. Then move on to practicing the postures attuned to the breath.
Breathing practices (also called pranayama) are also done for the benefit of improving efficient movement and lung capacity, as well as promoting calm and relaxation.
Remember to start slowly, and create a practice that is comfortable as well as challenging enough to keep you progressing toward a healthier, happier life.
What can you do for yourself that will help ease your symptoms, give you more energy, calm your mind, and give you tools for accepting, loving and motivating yourself? Try yoga as an adjunct to your medical treatment.
Yoga is an ancient practice of integrating the body, breath, and mind. There are many different styles and ways to practice yoga. For cancer recovery, try gentle yoga, yoga therapy, restorative yoga, yoga for healing, and yoga for beginners. There are several books and videos for different age groups, levels, and considerations. Another option you have is to take a group class or work with a yoga teacher or yoga therapist one-on-one. Go with what motivates you to continue to practice.
One big motivation may also be your body. It may be calling for your attention with fatigue, less range of motion, or pain. In yoga, the body is addressed by practicing physical postures (also called asanas). These stimulate and balance all the systems of the body: musculoskeletal, nervous system, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive and urogenital. As we now know, the whole person is affected when something is out of balance, as a number of postures are practiced in a sequence to address the whole body.
Depending on what parts of your body are affected, what type of cancer you have (or had), and your physical abilities, your practice will be specific to you. You may not be able to safely or comfortably do the posture the way the teacher or someone else is doing it. That's okay. Modify or change the position so it feels good for you. You will find out what works for you, what you are able to do, and what helps you to move in a positive direction.
When you are practicing a posture, do what you can without creating more pain. You may feel discomfort, but going to the point of sharp pain is not going to benefit you. Sometimes the postures are easier if you don't try as hard - if you actually do less. Ask yourself if you can let go of something: it could be tension or holding in the body, or it could be an expectation or judgment you have about yourself.
An important aspect of yoga is the integration of the breath with the movement or posture. To get a feel for this, you can gently squeeze and release the hands with coordination of the breath with the movement. Next, move to raising the arms at the rhythm of the breath. Then move on to practicing the postures attuned to the breath.
Breathing practices (also called pranayama) are also done for the benefit of improving efficient movement and lung capacity, as well as promoting calm and relaxation.
Remember to start slowly, and create a practice that is comfortable as well as challenging enough to keep you progressing toward a healthier, happier life.
Yoga for your health and happiness
What is Yoga?
Since some years ago, many people were not aware of what yoga is. Some used to believe that practice of Yoga was akin to “magical performances” of the past such as bending bars and tearing plates, Breaking stones, walking on fire, remaining underground in a pit for several days, etc. In recent times, many people have begun to understand instead of wanting to know what yoga is, they are interested to know what among The different yoga practices should they follow for maintaining health, or for overcoming some common health problems.
Yoga is one of the very ancient Sanskrit works. It has two different meanings - a general meaning and a technical meaning. Both these meaning are not related with each other. In the general sense the word ‘yoga’ is deriven from the root “Yujir-yoge”, which means joining, coming together or union of any two or more things. The word ‘yoga’ has been used in the rigveda, one of the four vedas, of ancient test, to mean “unity of the intellect of the sages” or dheenam yogaminvati or “arrangement of verses” of Chhandasam yogam. In the Atharva veda, another of the four ancient texts, words such as ashtayogaih and shadyogebhih are used to indicate a plow pulled by eight for six bullocks respectively. Word such as viyoga, samyoga, agoga, prayoga, vinigoga, Sshayoga, are common examples of the use of the word ‘yoga’ even today in the general sense of ‘coming together’, derived from the root Yuji.
The technical meaning of the term 'Yoga' is derived from another root “yoji” (samadhau). Here the meaning of word is not “Union” ,but “a state of stability, stillness, and peace”. The word ‘yoga’ here indicates both the state of stillness and the means of practices which lead to that state. These practices include asanas, pranayama, dhyana, yana-niyanmas, etc. While in the Veds the word ‘yoga’ is used only in the general sense, there are texts ( such as the Bhagavad Gita) in which both the meanings are ascribed to that word. In the Gita, words such as buddhiyoga, Karmayoga are used which refer to the technical meaning . Many experts have said that at the time of Panini, the famous Sanskrit Garmmarian of the seventhcentury BC, both the meanings of the word – general and technical – yoga were already in use.
Since some years ago, many people were not aware of what yoga is. Some used to believe that practice of Yoga was akin to “magical performances” of the past such as bending bars and tearing plates, Breaking stones, walking on fire, remaining underground in a pit for several days, etc. In recent times, many people have begun to understand instead of wanting to know what yoga is, they are interested to know what among The different yoga practices should they follow for maintaining health, or for overcoming some common health problems.
Yoga is one of the very ancient Sanskrit works. It has two different meanings - a general meaning and a technical meaning. Both these meaning are not related with each other. In the general sense the word ‘yoga’ is deriven from the root “Yujir-yoge”, which means joining, coming together or union of any two or more things. The word ‘yoga’ has been used in the rigveda, one of the four vedas, of ancient test, to mean “unity of the intellect of the sages” or dheenam yogaminvati or “arrangement of verses” of Chhandasam yogam. In the Atharva veda, another of the four ancient texts, words such as ashtayogaih and shadyogebhih are used to indicate a plow pulled by eight for six bullocks respectively. Word such as viyoga, samyoga, agoga, prayoga, vinigoga, Sshayoga, are common examples of the use of the word ‘yoga’ even today in the general sense of ‘coming together’, derived from the root Yuji.
The technical meaning of the term 'Yoga' is derived from another root “yoji” (samadhau). Here the meaning of word is not “Union” ,but “a state of stability, stillness, and peace”. The word ‘yoga’ here indicates both the state of stillness and the means of practices which lead to that state. These practices include asanas, pranayama, dhyana, yana-niyanmas, etc. While in the Veds the word ‘yoga’ is used only in the general sense, there are texts ( such as the Bhagavad Gita) in which both the meanings are ascribed to that word. In the Gita, words such as buddhiyoga, Karmayoga are used which refer to the technical meaning . Many experts have said that at the time of Panini, the famous Sanskrit Garmmarian of the seventhcentury BC, both the meanings of the word – general and technical – yoga were already in use.
Monday, November 19, 2007
Eight Tips to Help Ease Your Dogs Arthritis Pain
* put him on a diet
* taking for a walk
* let him sleep in
* give them a soft cozy warm bed
* raises food and water bowls
* Build a ramp for him to use instead of stairs
* take him for a swim
* give him a coat or a sweater for winter.
* taking for a walk
* let him sleep in
* give them a soft cozy warm bed
* raises food and water bowls
* Build a ramp for him to use instead of stairs
* take him for a swim
* give him a coat or a sweater for winter.
Tuesday, November 13, 2007
What is Depression?
What is Depression?
Depression is a medical Illness & not just a feeling of hopelessness. It's more then just feeling sad.
How common is Depression?
It's as common as the Common Cold. According to the World Health Organization, it's the Third Most Common Illness in the World after Infectious diseases & Heart disease. It's the 4th to the 10th most frequent diagnosis made by the family doctor.
Who is at risk to get Depression?
All of us are! An alive human being (with fair intelligence) is the greatest risk!! As confirmed by scientific data ¼ to 1/3 of us are going to have it once in lifetime. Every 3rd female and every 5th male will have it at least once.
What are the causes of Depression?
Biological
Psychological
Social
Biological causes:
I. Chemicals / Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers, which are critical in the transmission of nerve impulses in our brain and nerves. The level of certain neurotransmitters, NORADRENALINE & SEROTONIN are decreased in the brain. Most of the medications used for treating depression (Anti depressants) help in elevating the levels of these chemicals in the brain.
II. Genetic: For every possible physical and mental feature there is a gene in our cells. So is a gene for Depression. The parents of a depressed person are at a higher risk for depression. If a sibling has depressive illness then there is a 15% chance, that it will be there in another sibling .If the onset of depression is after the age of 40 yr. then chance of it being genetically transmitted is less.
Mental Health
Anxiety
Panic Attacks
Depression
Visit to a psychiatrist
ECT
OCD
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III. Hormonal imbalance: Though the exact mechanisms are not understood but imbalance of female sex hormones can lead to depression. Depressions in the postmenopausal and post partum (after delivery) period are the examples.
Psychological causes:
I. Personality/ Attitudes: Following types of personality traits predispose to depressive illness.
Very ambitious
Anxious
Obsessive/perfectionist
Setting very high standards for self
Persons having above traits/attitudes are more likely to experience depressive episodes in their lives as compared to people who don't have such type of personality.
II. Coping strategies with life events: How we deal with stressful events like separation/divorce/death, etc. determines how predisposed we are to depression. People who are
Impulsive
Aggressive
Self centered
Are more likely to have depression.
Social causes and social supports:
A lot of stressful life events like death/divorce/disease predispose to depression.
Interpersonal relationships matter a lot - good relations with the friends / spouse / siblings have a positive effect in preventing depression.
Single people are more prone to depression than couples.
Similarly, studies have found divorced persons to be more prone to depression.
What are the features of depression?
Most of the people who feel low and depressed are given a lot of advice by friends and relatives. It is automatically assumed that these feelings of low energy / low mood are just a matter of time and would get better if the individual made a little effort to feel good and happy.
Persistence of such feelings of lethargy / low energy / low mood despite all this indicates that the person may be suffering from clinical depression. Following are the features that a depressed individual experiences.
Biological features (duration - 15 day or more)
Decreased sleep--- the person gets up very early in the morning say, at 3 am & can't sleep again. Frequent awakenings. Poor quality of sleep.
Decreased appetite/ weight
Dryness of mouth
Constipation
Reversed diurnal variation - everybody feels better in the morning but a depressed patient feels worst in morning & slightly better in noon to evening.
Generalized body ache - lot of poorly localized pains and aches like headaches, abdominal pains.
Easily fatigued & lethargic.
Panic features like palpitations and sweating.
Psychological features
I. Sadness of mood
II. Decreased pleasure & interest in activities which they enjoyed previously
III. Decreased attention, forgetfulness, like forgets where he/ she has kept things.
IV. Easily irritated
V. MOST IMPORTANTLY, OCCASIONALLY NO WISH TO LIVE.
BAD NEWS IS THAT THIS CONDITION CAN BE FATAL. 40% OF ALL SUICIDES REPORTED ARE IN PEOPLE WITH DEPRESSION.
GOOD NEWS IS, IT IS EASILY DIAGNOSABLE & EASILY TREATABLE.
What are the treatments available for depression?
A number of medicines are available suitable to different Patients. Broadly these are termed as Anti Depressants. These drugs remain the mainstay of therapy for depression.
There are certain important things to be kept in mind regarding anti depressant use:
ADEQUATE DOSE, FOR ADEQUATE DURATION IS THE CARDINAL RULE.
SOMETIMES SMALL DOSES FOR LESS DURATION IS GIVEN BY NON SPECIALISTS It leads to incomplete recovery with frequent relapses.
Antidepressants are NOT sleeping pills.
THEY ARE NOT HABIT FORMING.
Depression is a medical Illness & not just a feeling of hopelessness. It's more then just feeling sad.
How common is Depression?
It's as common as the Common Cold. According to the World Health Organization, it's the Third Most Common Illness in the World after Infectious diseases & Heart disease. It's the 4th to the 10th most frequent diagnosis made by the family doctor.
Who is at risk to get Depression?
All of us are! An alive human being (with fair intelligence) is the greatest risk!! As confirmed by scientific data ¼ to 1/3 of us are going to have it once in lifetime. Every 3rd female and every 5th male will have it at least once.
What are the causes of Depression?
Biological
Psychological
Social
Biological causes:
I. Chemicals / Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers, which are critical in the transmission of nerve impulses in our brain and nerves. The level of certain neurotransmitters, NORADRENALINE & SEROTONIN are decreased in the brain. Most of the medications used for treating depression (Anti depressants) help in elevating the levels of these chemicals in the brain.
II. Genetic: For every possible physical and mental feature there is a gene in our cells. So is a gene for Depression. The parents of a depressed person are at a higher risk for depression. If a sibling has depressive illness then there is a 15% chance, that it will be there in another sibling .If the onset of depression is after the age of 40 yr. then chance of it being genetically transmitted is less.
Mental Health
Anxiety
Panic Attacks
Depression
Visit to a psychiatrist
ECT
OCD
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndiaMART Network
IndiaMART Home
Gifts & Handicraft
Apparel & Textiles
Finance Investment
India News Online
Travel & Tourism
Online Shopping
Auto Junction
III. Hormonal imbalance: Though the exact mechanisms are not understood but imbalance of female sex hormones can lead to depression. Depressions in the postmenopausal and post partum (after delivery) period are the examples.
Psychological causes:
I. Personality/ Attitudes: Following types of personality traits predispose to depressive illness.
Very ambitious
Anxious
Obsessive/perfectionist
Setting very high standards for self
Persons having above traits/attitudes are more likely to experience depressive episodes in their lives as compared to people who don't have such type of personality.
II. Coping strategies with life events: How we deal with stressful events like separation/divorce/death, etc. determines how predisposed we are to depression. People who are
Impulsive
Aggressive
Self centered
Are more likely to have depression.
Social causes and social supports:
A lot of stressful life events like death/divorce/disease predispose to depression.
Interpersonal relationships matter a lot - good relations with the friends / spouse / siblings have a positive effect in preventing depression.
Single people are more prone to depression than couples.
Similarly, studies have found divorced persons to be more prone to depression.
What are the features of depression?
Most of the people who feel low and depressed are given a lot of advice by friends and relatives. It is automatically assumed that these feelings of low energy / low mood are just a matter of time and would get better if the individual made a little effort to feel good and happy.
Persistence of such feelings of lethargy / low energy / low mood despite all this indicates that the person may be suffering from clinical depression. Following are the features that a depressed individual experiences.
Biological features (duration - 15 day or more)
Decreased sleep--- the person gets up very early in the morning say, at 3 am & can't sleep again. Frequent awakenings. Poor quality of sleep.
Decreased appetite/ weight
Dryness of mouth
Constipation
Reversed diurnal variation - everybody feels better in the morning but a depressed patient feels worst in morning & slightly better in noon to evening.
Generalized body ache - lot of poorly localized pains and aches like headaches, abdominal pains.
Easily fatigued & lethargic.
Panic features like palpitations and sweating.
Psychological features
I. Sadness of mood
II. Decreased pleasure & interest in activities which they enjoyed previously
III. Decreased attention, forgetfulness, like forgets where he/ she has kept things.
IV. Easily irritated
V. MOST IMPORTANTLY, OCCASIONALLY NO WISH TO LIVE.
BAD NEWS IS THAT THIS CONDITION CAN BE FATAL. 40% OF ALL SUICIDES REPORTED ARE IN PEOPLE WITH DEPRESSION.
GOOD NEWS IS, IT IS EASILY DIAGNOSABLE & EASILY TREATABLE.
What are the treatments available for depression?
A number of medicines are available suitable to different Patients. Broadly these are termed as Anti Depressants. These drugs remain the mainstay of therapy for depression.
There are certain important things to be kept in mind regarding anti depressant use:
ADEQUATE DOSE, FOR ADEQUATE DURATION IS THE CARDINAL RULE.
SOMETIMES SMALL DOSES FOR LESS DURATION IS GIVEN BY NON SPECIALISTS It leads to incomplete recovery with frequent relapses.
Antidepressants are NOT sleeping pills.
THEY ARE NOT HABIT FORMING.
Saturday, September 15, 2007
OVER WEIGHT
The prevalence of overweight & obesity is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate.
There is a clear association between obesity / overweight and the risks in many diseases like:
Hypertension Diabetes Psychological Disturbances Hypercholestrolemia Osteoarthritis
Colonic cancer in men Skin Disorders
Gall stone formation Coronary artery diseases
Infertility and hirsutism (excess body hair)
Breast and Uterine Cancer in women Hyperlipidemia (excessive fats / lipids in blood)
How to Know your right body weight :
Body mass index (BMI) uses a mathematical formula and calculates your weight according to your height.
BMI is calculated as weight in Kgs. Divided by square of height in meters i.e. BMI = Kg / mtr2
Normal Range = 8.5 to 24.90
Over weight = 25 to 29.90
Obese = 30 to 39.90
Morbidly Obese = 40 and above
Guidance for Body Weight in Adults [ MEN AND WOMEN ] :
Height without Shoes Significantly Underweight Acceptable Range Obese Grossly Obese
In mtr. In Ft.in Wtin Kgs. Without clothes
1.45 4’9” 34 42 - 53 63 84
1.48 4’10” 35 44 – 55 66 88
1.50 4’11” 36 45 -- 56 68 90
1.52 5’0” 37 46 -- 58 69 92
1.54 5’1” 38 47 – 59 71 95
1.56 5’1” 39 49 -- 61 73 97
1.58 5’2” 40 50 – 62 75 100
1.60 5’3” 41 51 – 64 77 102
1.62 5’4” 42 52 – 66 79 105
1.64 5’5” 43 53 – 67 81 108
1.66 5’5” 44 55 -- 69 83 110
1.68 5’6” 45 56 – 71 85 113
1.70 5’7” 46 58 – 72 87 116
1.72 5’8” 47 59 – 74 89 118
1.74 5’8” 48 61 – 76 91 121
1.76 5’9” 50 62 – 78 93 124
1.78 5’10” 51 63 -- 79 95 127
There is a clear association between obesity / overweight and the risks in many diseases like:
Hypertension Diabetes Psychological Disturbances Hypercholestrolemia Osteoarthritis
Colonic cancer in men Skin Disorders
Gall stone formation Coronary artery diseases
Infertility and hirsutism (excess body hair)
Breast and Uterine Cancer in women Hyperlipidemia (excessive fats / lipids in blood)
How to Know your right body weight :
Body mass index (BMI) uses a mathematical formula and calculates your weight according to your height.
BMI is calculated as weight in Kgs. Divided by square of height in meters i.e. BMI = Kg / mtr2
Normal Range = 8.5 to 24.90
Over weight = 25 to 29.90
Obese = 30 to 39.90
Morbidly Obese = 40 and above
Guidance for Body Weight in Adults [ MEN AND WOMEN ] :
Height without Shoes Significantly Underweight Acceptable Range Obese Grossly Obese
In mtr. In Ft.in Wtin Kgs. Without clothes
1.45 4’9” 34 42 - 53 63 84
1.48 4’10” 35 44 – 55 66 88
1.50 4’11” 36 45 -- 56 68 90
1.52 5’0” 37 46 -- 58 69 92
1.54 5’1” 38 47 – 59 71 95
1.56 5’1” 39 49 -- 61 73 97
1.58 5’2” 40 50 – 62 75 100
1.60 5’3” 41 51 – 64 77 102
1.62 5’4” 42 52 – 66 79 105
1.64 5’5” 43 53 – 67 81 108
1.66 5’5” 44 55 -- 69 83 110
1.68 5’6” 45 56 – 71 85 113
1.70 5’7” 46 58 – 72 87 116
1.72 5’8” 47 59 – 74 89 118
1.74 5’8” 48 61 – 76 91 121
1.76 5’9” 50 62 – 78 93 124
1.78 5’10” 51 63 -- 79 95 127
Thursday, August 23, 2007
Green Tea for Long Life?
Japanese Study Shows Link Between Green Tea Drinkers and Lower Death Risk
People who drink at least a pint of green tea each day have a lower risk of death, a Japanese study shows.
The lower overall death risk among green tea drinkers appears to be due to a lower risk of death from heart disease. And the benefit of green tea is especially pronounced in women, find Shinichi Kuriyama, MD, PhD, Tohoku University School of Public Policy in Sendai, Japan, and colleagues.
Green tea is a very popular drink in Japan. But some people drink more than others do. Women who drink five or more 3.4-ounce cups of green tea every day cut their risk of heart disease by 31% compared with women who drink one or fewer 3.4-ounce cups. Men who drink this much green tea cut their heart disease risk by 22%.
"Green tea may prolong your life through reducing heart disease and stroke," Kuriyama tells WebMD. "Our findings might explain the differences in mortality profile between Japan and the United States. The Japanese age-adjusted rate of mortality due to [heart disease and stroke] is about 30% lower than that of the United States."
The findings appear in the Sept. 13 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association.
Green Tea: Might Americans Benefit?
Kuriyama's study is based on data collected since 1994 among more than 40,000 healthy Japanese people aged 40 to 79. More than 86% of the study participants remained in the study for 11 years. Participants filled out detailed questionnaires about their daily diets and health.
The study was conducted with meticulous care. But Kuriyama is quick to point out that this kind of study can't prove green tea has any beneficial effect. Proof comes only from a clinical trial in which some people get green tea and others do not. The Kuriyama study shows only that there is a link between green tea and lower death risk -- not that green tea causes lower death risk.
More Benefits for Women?
Why do women seem to get more of a benefit from green tea than men do? Kuriyama and colleagues note that the men in their study smoked more cigarettes than women did. And smokers, overall, got less of a benefit from green tea than nonsmokers.
But Cheng says it's related to estrogen. Green tea studies consistently show a greater effect for women than for men, he says. He suggests that green tea's active ingredients may interact with the female sex hormone estrogen to boost a heart-protective effect.
Green Tea: No Effect on Cancer
Kuriyama and colleagues found no evidence that green tea protects against cancer death.
Kuriyama says that was a surprise to him, as "abundant" evidence from animal and test-tube studies suggests that green tea ingredients fight cancer.
But he notes that the current findings are in line with other, smaller studies that find green tea has no effect on several specific kinds of cancer.
Green Tea Warnings
While it's yet to be proved that green tea really will protect you against early death, there's a lot of evidence that green tea is safe -- with two major exceptions.
Cheng warns that green tea contains vitamin K. Vitamin K affects blood clotting. People taking the blood-thinning drug Coumadin, he says, should not start drinking more green tea.
And Kuriyama warns against drinking your green tea piping hot.
"Drinking green tea at high temperature may be associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer," he says. "Therefore, I recommend that green tea should be consumed at moderate or low temperature."
What's the bottom line? For Lichtenstein, the message is to go ahead and drink green tea if you like it. But to prevent heart disease and stroke, what really works is a healthy diet and daily exercise.
Neither Kuriyama nor Cheng would disagree with that. But they both recommend green tea, too.
"I personally drink two to three cups of green tea per day," Kuriyama says. "On the basis of our study results, I would like to recommend the drinking of green tea to my friends and my family because our findings are the best evidence at present."
Cheng says green tea is much better for you than oolong tea or black tea, which lose some healthy properties during fermentation. But that's not why he drinks it.
People who drink at least a pint of green tea each day have a lower risk of death, a Japanese study shows.
The lower overall death risk among green tea drinkers appears to be due to a lower risk of death from heart disease. And the benefit of green tea is especially pronounced in women, find Shinichi Kuriyama, MD, PhD, Tohoku University School of Public Policy in Sendai, Japan, and colleagues.
Green tea is a very popular drink in Japan. But some people drink more than others do. Women who drink five or more 3.4-ounce cups of green tea every day cut their risk of heart disease by 31% compared with women who drink one or fewer 3.4-ounce cups. Men who drink this much green tea cut their heart disease risk by 22%.
"Green tea may prolong your life through reducing heart disease and stroke," Kuriyama tells WebMD. "Our findings might explain the differences in mortality profile between Japan and the United States. The Japanese age-adjusted rate of mortality due to [heart disease and stroke] is about 30% lower than that of the United States."
The findings appear in the Sept. 13 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association.
Green Tea: Might Americans Benefit?
Kuriyama's study is based on data collected since 1994 among more than 40,000 healthy Japanese people aged 40 to 79. More than 86% of the study participants remained in the study for 11 years. Participants filled out detailed questionnaires about their daily diets and health.
The study was conducted with meticulous care. But Kuriyama is quick to point out that this kind of study can't prove green tea has any beneficial effect. Proof comes only from a clinical trial in which some people get green tea and others do not. The Kuriyama study shows only that there is a link between green tea and lower death risk -- not that green tea causes lower death risk.
More Benefits for Women?
Why do women seem to get more of a benefit from green tea than men do? Kuriyama and colleagues note that the men in their study smoked more cigarettes than women did. And smokers, overall, got less of a benefit from green tea than nonsmokers.
But Cheng says it's related to estrogen. Green tea studies consistently show a greater effect for women than for men, he says. He suggests that green tea's active ingredients may interact with the female sex hormone estrogen to boost a heart-protective effect.
Green Tea: No Effect on Cancer
Kuriyama and colleagues found no evidence that green tea protects against cancer death.
Kuriyama says that was a surprise to him, as "abundant" evidence from animal and test-tube studies suggests that green tea ingredients fight cancer.
But he notes that the current findings are in line with other, smaller studies that find green tea has no effect on several specific kinds of cancer.
Green Tea Warnings
While it's yet to be proved that green tea really will protect you against early death, there's a lot of evidence that green tea is safe -- with two major exceptions.
Cheng warns that green tea contains vitamin K. Vitamin K affects blood clotting. People taking the blood-thinning drug Coumadin, he says, should not start drinking more green tea.
And Kuriyama warns against drinking your green tea piping hot.
"Drinking green tea at high temperature may be associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer," he says. "Therefore, I recommend that green tea should be consumed at moderate or low temperature."
What's the bottom line? For Lichtenstein, the message is to go ahead and drink green tea if you like it. But to prevent heart disease and stroke, what really works is a healthy diet and daily exercise.
Neither Kuriyama nor Cheng would disagree with that. But they both recommend green tea, too.
"I personally drink two to three cups of green tea per day," Kuriyama says. "On the basis of our study results, I would like to recommend the drinking of green tea to my friends and my family because our findings are the best evidence at present."
Cheng says green tea is much better for you than oolong tea or black tea, which lose some healthy properties during fermentation. But that's not why he drinks it.
Sunday, August 19, 2007
Back Pain - self care
Become an active partner in your own back recovery. If you have back pain, begin with an appointment with your healthcare provider. When the problem is diagnosed, treatment will be suggested. Often back pain will go away by itself.
Back pain can be treated. However, you are the most important member of the healthcare team in treating your pain. Learn about your back, its anatomy and function. Learn how to return your back to a healthy state and how to keep it strong and healthy. Learn what good posture is. Practice safe body mechanics to prevent re- injury. Keeping your weight within the normal healthy range helps to prevent back pain.
Self-care of the back starts with relieving the immediate pain. Pain can be relieved with ice or heat. Either a cloth-covered ice pack or a heating pad on low can be put on the back for no more than 20 minutes 4 to 8 times a day. This will help to relieve the pain. Bed rest is not suggested for more than a couple of days, as it can weaken muscles. It may help to rest for 1 to 2 days.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, may be recommended for the pain. Aspirin or medicines that have aspirin in them should not be given to anyone younger than 18 years of age. Taking aspirin is a risk for a serious illness called Reye's syndrome. NSAIDs should be taken with food or milk to prevent stomach upset. NSAIDs should not be taken by anyone who has been diagnosed with asthma, ulcer disease, or a bleeding disorder. Taking NSAIDs increases the risk of bleeding with trauma, dental work, surgery, or if taking blood thinners (anticoagulants).
Some people like to use a support belt for the back. A belt may help some people at first, but should only be used for a short time. If used for a long time, a back support belt can make the back weaker. A good night's rest is important for back recovery. If the pain is preventing a good night's rest, make sure that the mattress is supportive and comfortable. Sleep on your side with your knees bent. Sometimes it helps to put a pillow between the knees while sleeping. When sleeping on your back, be sure to put a pillow under your knees to take the strain off your back.
During the first 4 weeks of acute low back pain, at least one spinal manipulation by a chiropractor or osteopathic provider may help the pain. It is best not to have a manipulation of the neck because there could be serious complications.
A healthcare provider will suggest starting an exercise program, usually within 2 weeks, or sooner, of the onset of the pain. Exercising helps strengthen the back and minimize the pain. Even though an exercise program is important in making the back better, it is important not to over exert. Based upon your health status, the provider will determine what type of exerciseyou should do and how long and how often you should do it. Your exercise program will gradually increase over time. Exercise should never be done if it causes or increases the back pain.
Following a regular exercise program will strengthen your muscles and make them more flexible. This can help prevent back pain from returning. Most back exercise programs will include stretching and strengthening exercises and low impact aerobic exercise, such as walking or swimming. Sometimes, it will be necessary to see a physical therapist to learn what exercises to do and how to do them.
Back pain can be treated. However, you are the most important member of the healthcare team in treating your pain. Learn about your back, its anatomy and function. Learn how to return your back to a healthy state and how to keep it strong and healthy. Learn what good posture is. Practice safe body mechanics to prevent re- injury. Keeping your weight within the normal healthy range helps to prevent back pain.
Self-care of the back starts with relieving the immediate pain. Pain can be relieved with ice or heat. Either a cloth-covered ice pack or a heating pad on low can be put on the back for no more than 20 minutes 4 to 8 times a day. This will help to relieve the pain. Bed rest is not suggested for more than a couple of days, as it can weaken muscles. It may help to rest for 1 to 2 days.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, may be recommended for the pain. Aspirin or medicines that have aspirin in them should not be given to anyone younger than 18 years of age. Taking aspirin is a risk for a serious illness called Reye's syndrome. NSAIDs should be taken with food or milk to prevent stomach upset. NSAIDs should not be taken by anyone who has been diagnosed with asthma, ulcer disease, or a bleeding disorder. Taking NSAIDs increases the risk of bleeding with trauma, dental work, surgery, or if taking blood thinners (anticoagulants).
Some people like to use a support belt for the back. A belt may help some people at first, but should only be used for a short time. If used for a long time, a back support belt can make the back weaker. A good night's rest is important for back recovery. If the pain is preventing a good night's rest, make sure that the mattress is supportive and comfortable. Sleep on your side with your knees bent. Sometimes it helps to put a pillow between the knees while sleeping. When sleeping on your back, be sure to put a pillow under your knees to take the strain off your back.
During the first 4 weeks of acute low back pain, at least one spinal manipulation by a chiropractor or osteopathic provider may help the pain. It is best not to have a manipulation of the neck because there could be serious complications.
A healthcare provider will suggest starting an exercise program, usually within 2 weeks, or sooner, of the onset of the pain. Exercising helps strengthen the back and minimize the pain. Even though an exercise program is important in making the back better, it is important not to over exert. Based upon your health status, the provider will determine what type of exerciseyou should do and how long and how often you should do it. Your exercise program will gradually increase over time. Exercise should never be done if it causes or increases the back pain.
Following a regular exercise program will strengthen your muscles and make them more flexible. This can help prevent back pain from returning. Most back exercise programs will include stretching and strengthening exercises and low impact aerobic exercise, such as walking or swimming. Sometimes, it will be necessary to see a physical therapist to learn what exercises to do and how to do them.
Back Pain -- Prevention
The spine works all day every day, taking on the stress of the work and play we do. The back gives support while standing, bending, sitting, and sleeping. Back pain and back injury may occur if a person is out of shape or under stress.
A healthy spine has three natural curves that form a gentle "S" shape. These curves are:
* cervical, the curve inward at your neck
* thoracic, the curve outward in the middle and
* lumbar, the curve inward in the low back
When these curves are in their proper position, the ears will be in a straight line with the shoulders and hips. Strong and flexible muscles are necessary to maintain this balance. A healthy back requires good posture, strong flexible muscles, correct lifting and moving techniques, a healthy body weight, and a positive attitude about home and work.
Tips for a healthy back:
* Place a pillow under the knees when sleeping on your back or between the knees when sleeping on your side.
* Avoid sitting for long periods. Get up and walk around often. A lumbar support for the lower curve of the back is essential. A small pillow can be used for this. * If standing for a long time, place one foot on a stool.
* Plan the day's tasks so that sitting and standing tasks can be alternated.
* Learn how to correctly lift, reach, push, and pull. Let the legs do most of the lifting by bending the knees and keeping the back straight. Hold items close to the body even when they are not heavy.
* Exercise regularly.
* Relaxation exercises can relieve physical and emotional stress.
* Since smoking contributes to back problems, do not smoke.
* Perform daily back exercises to strengthen and improve the flexibility of the spine. A physical therapist or certified exercise specialist can help design the right routine for your back.
A healthy spine has three natural curves that form a gentle "S" shape. These curves are:
* cervical, the curve inward at your neck
* thoracic, the curve outward in the middle and
* lumbar, the curve inward in the low back
When these curves are in their proper position, the ears will be in a straight line with the shoulders and hips. Strong and flexible muscles are necessary to maintain this balance. A healthy back requires good posture, strong flexible muscles, correct lifting and moving techniques, a healthy body weight, and a positive attitude about home and work.
Tips for a healthy back:
* Place a pillow under the knees when sleeping on your back or between the knees when sleeping on your side.
* Avoid sitting for long periods. Get up and walk around often. A lumbar support for the lower curve of the back is essential. A small pillow can be used for this. * If standing for a long time, place one foot on a stool.
* Plan the day's tasks so that sitting and standing tasks can be alternated.
* Learn how to correctly lift, reach, push, and pull. Let the legs do most of the lifting by bending the knees and keeping the back straight. Hold items close to the body even when they are not heavy.
* Exercise regularly.
* Relaxation exercises can relieve physical and emotional stress.
* Since smoking contributes to back problems, do not smoke.
* Perform daily back exercises to strengthen and improve the flexibility of the spine. A physical therapist or certified exercise specialist can help design the right routine for your back.
Back Pain -- causes
Many people suffer from back pain. Usually, the origin of back pain is the skeletal system and the muscles that support it. Back pain may also be caused by kidney, gastrointestinal or cardiac disorders. It may be caused by other organs or by a side effect of other diseases.
Once someone has had back pain, it is likely to be experienced again. The longer back pain goes on, the worse it gets. This cycle can be stopped when you know a little about your back and how it works.
The spine is made up of stacked bones called the vertebrae. They are arranged in three natural curves that keep your body supported. Strong, flexible muscles and ligaments help maintain these curves. Soft cushions called discs act as shock absorbers between the bones. The nerves run through the holes in the center of the vertebrae and branch out to your body.
The bones, muscles, ligaments, nerves, or discs can cause back pain. Here's how:
* The bones of the spine can develop arthritis, get narrower (compress), or pinch nerves causing the nerve to become irritated. This normally produces a lot of pain.
* Discs can degenerate or lose their shape and support, or they can bulge or rupture.
* Muscles can fatigue and weaken, or become inflexible. A weak abdomen cannot help support your back. Obesity puts an additional stress on the back.
* Ligaments can be over-stretched and cause the bones to lose their support.
* Poor posture, incorrect body mechanics, stress, inactivity or overexertion can lead to back pain.
Good posture is necessary to keep the bones, nerves, muscles, ligaments and discs working well together. Good posture while you move at work or at play is called body mechanics. Learning good body mechanics will keep your back moving safely and efficiently. Keeping your muscles toned and exercised is the key to good body mechanics.
Doing too much activity, or doing too little, are both harmful to your back. If you exceed your limits, injury can result. On the other hand, a person who is out of shape will be unable to maintain good posture. This may result in undue stress to the spine. Emotional stress can make a back problem worse, contributing to muscle strains and muscle spasms.
Learn how to use your back smartly and it will last you a lifetime. If your back pain is not relieved, or continues after using exercises, or if it gets worse, see your healthcare provider.
Once someone has had back pain, it is likely to be experienced again. The longer back pain goes on, the worse it gets. This cycle can be stopped when you know a little about your back and how it works.
The spine is made up of stacked bones called the vertebrae. They are arranged in three natural curves that keep your body supported. Strong, flexible muscles and ligaments help maintain these curves. Soft cushions called discs act as shock absorbers between the bones. The nerves run through the holes in the center of the vertebrae and branch out to your body.
The bones, muscles, ligaments, nerves, or discs can cause back pain. Here's how:
* The bones of the spine can develop arthritis, get narrower (compress), or pinch nerves causing the nerve to become irritated. This normally produces a lot of pain.
* Discs can degenerate or lose their shape and support, or they can bulge or rupture.
* Muscles can fatigue and weaken, or become inflexible. A weak abdomen cannot help support your back. Obesity puts an additional stress on the back.
* Ligaments can be over-stretched and cause the bones to lose their support.
* Poor posture, incorrect body mechanics, stress, inactivity or overexertion can lead to back pain.
Good posture is necessary to keep the bones, nerves, muscles, ligaments and discs working well together. Good posture while you move at work or at play is called body mechanics. Learning good body mechanics will keep your back moving safely and efficiently. Keeping your muscles toned and exercised is the key to good body mechanics.
Doing too much activity, or doing too little, are both harmful to your back. If you exceed your limits, injury can result. On the other hand, a person who is out of shape will be unable to maintain good posture. This may result in undue stress to the spine. Emotional stress can make a back problem worse, contributing to muscle strains and muscle spasms.
Learn how to use your back smartly and it will last you a lifetime. If your back pain is not relieved, or continues after using exercises, or if it gets worse, see your healthcare provider.
Back Pain
Most people have low back pain at some time in their lives. Back pain is responsible for many lost workdays each year. Most acute back pain will go away by itself in a few days or weeks.
Back pain or injury can occur to anyone. It can be caused by stress on the muscles and ligaments that support the back. Jobs that require a lot of sitting or a lot of standing may contribute to back pain. Being overweight puts extra pressure on the back. Strenuous sports like football can injure the back.
The pain can be a mild discomfort that is just a mild ache in the lower back to severe pain that keeps the person from doing anything. Severe pain does not indicate a more serious cause of the pain.
Often, very little needs to be done for back pain to make it better. Many times it will go away without any treatment. Bed rest is not suggested any more, as staying in bed can make the back muscles weaker. If the pain is severe, no more than 1 to 2 days of rest may help. Sometimes, a healthcare provider will suggest using a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, for the pain. Aspirin or medicines that have aspirin in them should not be given to anyone younger than 18 years of age. Taking aspirin is a risk for a serious illness called Reye's syndrome. NSAIDs should be taken with food or milk to prevent stomach upset. NSAIDs should not be taken by anyone who has been diagnosed with asthma, ulcer disease, or a bleeding disorder. Taking NSAIDs increases the risk of bleeding with trauma, dental work, surgery, or if taking blood thinners (anticoagulants).
A cloth-covered ice pack or heating pad on low may be put on the pack to help with the short-term discomfort. The heat or ice should be on the back no longer than 20 minutes 4 to 8 times a day. Doing some mild exercising like walking or swimming may help to relieve the discomfort too.
If there is still pain after resting the back for several days, if it is severe, or comes back, the healthcare provider should be seen. The provider should also be seen for anyone with pain that goes into the legs or if there is numbness or tingling in the arms or legs. If there is loss of control of the bowel or bladder, this is more serious, and the provider should be seen as soon as possible.
Back pain can be avoided. Prevention starts with exercise on a regular basis and maintaining a healthy weight. Lose excess weight by following appropriate habits of diet and exercise. Have a certified fitness trainer customize a workout plan for you.
Learn safe lifting techniques. Bend with the knees and keep the back straight. Choose recreational and exercise activities that help keep the back flexible without putting too much pressure on it. Always warm up and stretch before participating in any vigorous activities.
Since smoking is known to be a factor in back pain, it is wise to quit, if you smoke.
A healthcare provider or a physical therapist can suggest exercises that will help strengthen the back and make it more flexible.
Back pain or injury can occur to anyone. It can be caused by stress on the muscles and ligaments that support the back. Jobs that require a lot of sitting or a lot of standing may contribute to back pain. Being overweight puts extra pressure on the back. Strenuous sports like football can injure the back.
The pain can be a mild discomfort that is just a mild ache in the lower back to severe pain that keeps the person from doing anything. Severe pain does not indicate a more serious cause of the pain.
Often, very little needs to be done for back pain to make it better. Many times it will go away without any treatment. Bed rest is not suggested any more, as staying in bed can make the back muscles weaker. If the pain is severe, no more than 1 to 2 days of rest may help. Sometimes, a healthcare provider will suggest using a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, for the pain. Aspirin or medicines that have aspirin in them should not be given to anyone younger than 18 years of age. Taking aspirin is a risk for a serious illness called Reye's syndrome. NSAIDs should be taken with food or milk to prevent stomach upset. NSAIDs should not be taken by anyone who has been diagnosed with asthma, ulcer disease, or a bleeding disorder. Taking NSAIDs increases the risk of bleeding with trauma, dental work, surgery, or if taking blood thinners (anticoagulants).
A cloth-covered ice pack or heating pad on low may be put on the pack to help with the short-term discomfort. The heat or ice should be on the back no longer than 20 minutes 4 to 8 times a day. Doing some mild exercising like walking or swimming may help to relieve the discomfort too.
If there is still pain after resting the back for several days, if it is severe, or comes back, the healthcare provider should be seen. The provider should also be seen for anyone with pain that goes into the legs or if there is numbness or tingling in the arms or legs. If there is loss of control of the bowel or bladder, this is more serious, and the provider should be seen as soon as possible.
Back pain can be avoided. Prevention starts with exercise on a regular basis and maintaining a healthy weight. Lose excess weight by following appropriate habits of diet and exercise. Have a certified fitness trainer customize a workout plan for you.
Learn safe lifting techniques. Bend with the knees and keep the back straight. Choose recreational and exercise activities that help keep the back flexible without putting too much pressure on it. Always warm up and stretch before participating in any vigorous activities.
Since smoking is known to be a factor in back pain, it is wise to quit, if you smoke.
A healthcare provider or a physical therapist can suggest exercises that will help strengthen the back and make it more flexible.
Back Exercises
Back exercises help strengthen and increase the flexibility of the muscles that support the back. It is important to exercise to keep in shape and have a strong, flexible back.
Back pain can affect people who are active as well as inactive. It is usually associated with weak muscles and poor flexibility of the back. Exercises can be done even when there is pain. Exercises are usually started a week after the pain begins. A healthcare provider can suggest a special exercise program for anyone with a back problem. Often 20 minutes of walking several times a day is the first exercise that is suggested. As the back pain gets better, more active exercise will be added, such as swimming, stationary bicycling or jogging.
Exercises such as double-leg raises, straight-leg sit-ups, sit-ups done with another person holding the feet, timed sit-ups, and standing toe touches should never be done. They put too much pressure and stress on the back.
The following exercises are exercises that are safe for people without back problems. They help make the back muscles stronger.
Exercise #1: Lie on the back with the knees bent and feet flat on the floor. Tighten the stomach muscles and press the lower back against the floor. Hold this position for a count of ten, then relax. This can be repeated 10 to 12 times.
Exercise #2: Lie on the back with the knees bent, and feet flat on the floor. Slowly raise the head and shoulders off the floor, and reach the hands toward the knees. After a count of 10, slowly relax the head and shoulders and return to the floor. This exercise can be done 5 times.
Exercise #3: Lie on the back with the feet flat on the floor, raise the knees to the chest. Both hands should be put under the knees to gently pull the knees as close to the chest as possible. The head should not be raised. Lower the legs to the floor, without straightening them. This exercise can be repeated 5 times in a set. Several more sets of this exercise can be done throughout the day.
Exercise #4: Start this exercise by lying on the stomach. Tighten the muscles of one leg and raise the leg straight from the floor. Hold this position for a count of 10, before returning the leg to the floor. Repeat this with the other leg. Do this exercise 5 times for each leg.
These exercises can be done daily to maintain the strength and flexibility of the back. Do not do any exercise that causes pain. A healthcare provider should be seen if any back exercise causes pain.
Back pain can affect people who are active as well as inactive. It is usually associated with weak muscles and poor flexibility of the back. Exercises can be done even when there is pain. Exercises are usually started a week after the pain begins. A healthcare provider can suggest a special exercise program for anyone with a back problem. Often 20 minutes of walking several times a day is the first exercise that is suggested. As the back pain gets better, more active exercise will be added, such as swimming, stationary bicycling or jogging.
Exercises such as double-leg raises, straight-leg sit-ups, sit-ups done with another person holding the feet, timed sit-ups, and standing toe touches should never be done. They put too much pressure and stress on the back.
The following exercises are exercises that are safe for people without back problems. They help make the back muscles stronger.
Exercise #1: Lie on the back with the knees bent and feet flat on the floor. Tighten the stomach muscles and press the lower back against the floor. Hold this position for a count of ten, then relax. This can be repeated 10 to 12 times.
Exercise #2: Lie on the back with the knees bent, and feet flat on the floor. Slowly raise the head and shoulders off the floor, and reach the hands toward the knees. After a count of 10, slowly relax the head and shoulders and return to the floor. This exercise can be done 5 times.
Exercise #3: Lie on the back with the feet flat on the floor, raise the knees to the chest. Both hands should be put under the knees to gently pull the knees as close to the chest as possible. The head should not be raised. Lower the legs to the floor, without straightening them. This exercise can be repeated 5 times in a set. Several more sets of this exercise can be done throughout the day.
Exercise #4: Start this exercise by lying on the stomach. Tighten the muscles of one leg and raise the leg straight from the floor. Hold this position for a count of 10, before returning the leg to the floor. Repeat this with the other leg. Do this exercise 5 times for each leg.
These exercises can be done daily to maintain the strength and flexibility of the back. Do not do any exercise that causes pain. A healthcare provider should be seen if any back exercise causes pain.
Saturday, August 18, 2007
Live longer and stay healthier with Tomato
A fruit that is more commonly used as a vegetable, botanically classified in the poisonous fruit family (nightshade plants), packed with lots of nutrients, and that which brings the beautiful red colour to many of our recipes, please welcome the most popular fruit in the world- The Tomato!! First cultivated in 700 AD, explorers returning from Mexico introduced the tomato into Europe in 1556. The French called it "the apple of love," the Germans "the apple of paradise", due to the misconception that it acts as an aphrodisiac (you are free to try it out though and prove it wrong!:)) A single average tomato has only 35 calories, and it's better to eat it cooked than raw. Let's explore more health benefits that this red tiny-tot holds within itself.
Lycopene - A phytochemical (carotenoid) that is responsible for the red color of tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables is a powerful antioxidant and may help reduce the risk of some cancers and cardiovascular disease. Unlike other carotenoids, lycopene is not converted into vitamin A by the body.Lycopene is a fat soluble substance that is found in the blood and tissues of the testes, adrenal glands, liver, prostate, breast, colon and lungs. Combined with vitamins C and E, it protect us from the free radicals that degrade many parts of the body.
Vitamins(A,B,C,E and K) - One tomato contains around 60-65% of the daily recommended vitamin intake.Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Vitamin C helps form connective tissue, keeps capillaries healthy to help prevent easy bruising, and keeps the gums healthy. It also helps the body to access iron from plant sources. Vitamin A assists in maintaining normal cellular growth, aids in the development of healthy skin, hair and mucous membranes, proper vision, development of bones and teeth and reproduction. Vitamin K helps to maintain blood clotting, thus helping to prevent hemorrhaging (excessive bleeding). Vitamin K is used fr healthy bone growth through mineralization.
Potassium - Like banana, tomato contains significant amount of potassium which helps regulate blood pressure and aids muscle contractions. It may also reduce the risk of kidney stones and bone loss.
Dietary fiber - The undigestible part of a plant, Fiber can aid digestion by preventing constipation and thereby prevent Piles or similar ailments.
Besides all the above, Tomato contains several other nutrients which combined with the above help in preventing prostrate, colon, lung, stomah and endometrial cancers. They help in increasing longevity of life, and also prevent cataracts. Though raw tomatoes are great for you, cooking them in oil releases Lycopene which is stored in its cell wall, and can be better absorbed by the body. They are best when consumed within a few days after ripening.
So the next time you go grocery shopping, remember this article and pick a couple extra tomatoes (for the health benefits, not for me!!)
Please visit the actual blogsite at http://funnfud.blogspot.com
Lycopene - A phytochemical (carotenoid) that is responsible for the red color of tomatoes and other fruits and vegetables is a powerful antioxidant and may help reduce the risk of some cancers and cardiovascular disease. Unlike other carotenoids, lycopene is not converted into vitamin A by the body.Lycopene is a fat soluble substance that is found in the blood and tissues of the testes, adrenal glands, liver, prostate, breast, colon and lungs. Combined with vitamins C and E, it protect us from the free radicals that degrade many parts of the body.
Vitamins(A,B,C,E and K) - One tomato contains around 60-65% of the daily recommended vitamin intake.Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Vitamin C helps form connective tissue, keeps capillaries healthy to help prevent easy bruising, and keeps the gums healthy. It also helps the body to access iron from plant sources. Vitamin A assists in maintaining normal cellular growth, aids in the development of healthy skin, hair and mucous membranes, proper vision, development of bones and teeth and reproduction. Vitamin K helps to maintain blood clotting, thus helping to prevent hemorrhaging (excessive bleeding). Vitamin K is used fr healthy bone growth through mineralization.
Potassium - Like banana, tomato contains significant amount of potassium which helps regulate blood pressure and aids muscle contractions. It may also reduce the risk of kidney stones and bone loss.
Dietary fiber - The undigestible part of a plant, Fiber can aid digestion by preventing constipation and thereby prevent Piles or similar ailments.
Besides all the above, Tomato contains several other nutrients which combined with the above help in preventing prostrate, colon, lung, stomah and endometrial cancers. They help in increasing longevity of life, and also prevent cataracts. Though raw tomatoes are great for you, cooking them in oil releases Lycopene which is stored in its cell wall, and can be better absorbed by the body. They are best when consumed within a few days after ripening.
So the next time you go grocery shopping, remember this article and pick a couple extra tomatoes (for the health benefits, not for me!!)
Please visit the actual blogsite at http://funnfud.blogspot.com
Drug Allergy
Any drug can cause an adverse drug reaction, which can range from a mild rash or hives to a life-threatening allergic reaction. There is a difference between being allergic to a drug and having a side effect from a drug. Prescription and over-the-counter medications provide instructions that should always be read and followed regarding proper use and side effect warnings. Some mild reactions to drugs are considered an adverse drug reaction, but are not considered a drug allergy. If you experience any drug-related symptoms, report them to your healthcare provider.
True allergic responses to drugs can affect most major organs including the skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, and blood vessels. The drugs most likely to cause these problems are antibiotics, certain vaccines, anti-seizure medicines, contrast dyes used for some x- rays, some heart and cancer drugs, and local anesthetics (like novacaine that dentists may use).
Common drug allergy symptoms include:
* itching of the skin or eyes
* skin rash or
* hives
Other more serious symptoms include:
* wheezing or breathing problems and
* anaphylactic shock
Emergency treatment may be required for an anaphylactic reaction, the most serious type of allergic reaction. Symptoms of hives, itching, and swelling usually appear within seconds or minutes after exposure and additional symptoms can ultimately result in severe respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, and even death if left untreated. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, can trigger this serious drug reaction in some people.
Diagnosis of drug allergy is based mostly on patient history. This requires that the healthcare provider be told of every drug that was taken at the time of a reaction, including prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medicines. Once the drug that caused the reaction is identified, future use of that drug should be avoided. If an adverse drug reaction occurs while in the hospital, blood tests can be done to identify the drug causing the reaction. Following a drug allergy reaction, a provider may recommend that an allergist, a doctor who specializes in allergies, be seen.
Some people are allergic to antibiotics. The most common is penicillin, which belongs to the family of beta-lactam antibiotics. No one is born allergic to penicillin, nor can it be inherited. However, anyone can develop an allergy to penicillin after exposure to it. Most often the reaction is either hives or rashes that are itchy or irritating and that occur within 2 to 3 days of starting the medication. Sometimes a delayed reaction can occur after several weeks. Having an allergy to penicillin does not mean you are allergic to all antibiotics. If a penicillin allergy is suspected, the best way to confirm it is with a skin test.
Prevention of a recurrence of a drug allergy is achieved through strict avoidance of the drug in the future. This means being aware of hidden sources of the drug because it may be an ingredient in another medication. For future reference, keep the names written down of all drugs that caused the adverse reaction and keep this list in an easy to remember location. Be sure to check all labels for the names of these drugs before taking any over-the-counter and herbal medicines.
True allergic responses to drugs can affect most major organs including the skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, and blood vessels. The drugs most likely to cause these problems are antibiotics, certain vaccines, anti-seizure medicines, contrast dyes used for some x- rays, some heart and cancer drugs, and local anesthetics (like novacaine that dentists may use).
Common drug allergy symptoms include:
* itching of the skin or eyes
* skin rash or
* hives
Other more serious symptoms include:
* wheezing or breathing problems and
* anaphylactic shock
Emergency treatment may be required for an anaphylactic reaction, the most serious type of allergic reaction. Symptoms of hives, itching, and swelling usually appear within seconds or minutes after exposure and additional symptoms can ultimately result in severe respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, and even death if left untreated. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, can trigger this serious drug reaction in some people.
Diagnosis of drug allergy is based mostly on patient history. This requires that the healthcare provider be told of every drug that was taken at the time of a reaction, including prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medicines. Once the drug that caused the reaction is identified, future use of that drug should be avoided. If an adverse drug reaction occurs while in the hospital, blood tests can be done to identify the drug causing the reaction. Following a drug allergy reaction, a provider may recommend that an allergist, a doctor who specializes in allergies, be seen.
Some people are allergic to antibiotics. The most common is penicillin, which belongs to the family of beta-lactam antibiotics. No one is born allergic to penicillin, nor can it be inherited. However, anyone can develop an allergy to penicillin after exposure to it. Most often the reaction is either hives or rashes that are itchy or irritating and that occur within 2 to 3 days of starting the medication. Sometimes a delayed reaction can occur after several weeks. Having an allergy to penicillin does not mean you are allergic to all antibiotics. If a penicillin allergy is suspected, the best way to confirm it is with a skin test.
Prevention of a recurrence of a drug allergy is achieved through strict avoidance of the drug in the future. This means being aware of hidden sources of the drug because it may be an ingredient in another medication. For future reference, keep the names written down of all drugs that caused the adverse reaction and keep this list in an easy to remember location. Be sure to check all labels for the names of these drugs before taking any over-the-counter and herbal medicines.
Allergy Testing in the Pediatric Specialty Clinic
Allergy testing may be done during your child's clinic visit.
We believe it is important to know what your child may be experiencing in order that you and your child are better able to prepare for the visit. As a parent you are best able to choose the most appropriate way to inform your child. In general, most children can be told 1-2 days before the visit. If your child is an anxious child or a very young child, you may want to wait until the day of or until shortly before the start of the procedure.
Be honest about the day's destination and purpose, and assure your child that you will be with him/her throughout the testing.
Why perform allergy testing?
An allergy test helps to identify things in your environment that may be causing your child's symptoms and enable the doctors to decide what type of medications, if any, may be needed to treat your child's condition. By identifying these things, changes can be made in your living space to potentially improve your child's health. For instance, if the test identifies your child is allergic to feathers; feather pillows could be replaced with a different type of pillow.
What happens during allergy testing?
The most common types of allergy tests used in our clinic are the puncture and intradermal allergy tests. Your child's physician will decide which type of testing will be used. In many cases, both types are combined to provide the most useful information.
* Puncture allergy testing:
A child having this test will be asked to remove his/her shirt and lie on his/her stomach while the test is applied on the back. A nurse will write letters on the child's back with an ink pen to label the areas where the test will be applied. The area is then cleaned. Drops of an allergen solution are placed on the spokes of a plastic test applicator. An allergen is a thing in your child's environment that may cause an allergic reaction. The applicator is then pressed on the child's back. Patients have described this sensation as feeling "like a hair brush being pressed on their back". Once the test is placed, each test location will have a drop of wet liquid. The patient will then be asked to lie very still for approximately 15 minutes to keep the drops of liquid from running together. This is important to keep the drops of different allergens from running together. Children may be tested for as many as 30 environmental allergens during this test. (The number could be higher if the child is being screened for food allergies in addition to the environmental allergens if food allergy testing is necessary. Individual cases vary at the discretion of the physician).
* Intradermal allergy testing:
A child having this test will be asked to remove his/her shirt, and sit upright as the test is applied to the upper arms. (If you are comfortable doing so, the child may sit on a parent's lap during the test application).
A nurse will write letters on the child's arms with an ink pen to label the areas where the test will be applied. The area is then cleaned. Small amounts of allergen are injected with a small needle syringe just below the surface of the skin. A child having this test can be tested for up to 14 allergens, each requiring individual injections.
A small reaction (similar to a mosquito bite) will appear within approximately 15 minutes if the test is positive. To be sure the test is effective, a control solution (histamine) will be applied. A positive reaction at this test site indicates the test is accurate.
A nurse will measure areas of reaction with a small ruler after test time has elapsed. Your child may experience some mild discomfort with "itching" from the testing. Applying a cool wet cloth following the reading of the test often relieves this discomfort.
What do I say if my child wants to know if allergy testing will hurt?
Each child is different in his/her ability to tolerate pain or discomfort. It is important to let your child know that they will probably experience some discomfort-especially during the intradermal testing. It is very important to be honest in answering their questions. Be honest about medical events at all costs. A child who has been deceived may lose trust with the medical team, and with you as a parent. Trust is a very difficult thing to rebuild. Finding out that testing is necessary may lead to some tears at the time of the discussion, but in the long run is healthier for your child's ability to cope.
If you would like further assistance in explaining outpatient medical events to your child, please contact Child Life at (319) 356-8904. Child Life Specialists are trained to help children and their families adjust to the medical setting.
We believe it is important to know what your child may be experiencing in order that you and your child are better able to prepare for the visit. As a parent you are best able to choose the most appropriate way to inform your child. In general, most children can be told 1-2 days before the visit. If your child is an anxious child or a very young child, you may want to wait until the day of or until shortly before the start of the procedure.
Be honest about the day's destination and purpose, and assure your child that you will be with him/her throughout the testing.
Why perform allergy testing?
An allergy test helps to identify things in your environment that may be causing your child's symptoms and enable the doctors to decide what type of medications, if any, may be needed to treat your child's condition. By identifying these things, changes can be made in your living space to potentially improve your child's health. For instance, if the test identifies your child is allergic to feathers; feather pillows could be replaced with a different type of pillow.
What happens during allergy testing?
The most common types of allergy tests used in our clinic are the puncture and intradermal allergy tests. Your child's physician will decide which type of testing will be used. In many cases, both types are combined to provide the most useful information.
* Puncture allergy testing:
A child having this test will be asked to remove his/her shirt and lie on his/her stomach while the test is applied on the back. A nurse will write letters on the child's back with an ink pen to label the areas where the test will be applied. The area is then cleaned. Drops of an allergen solution are placed on the spokes of a plastic test applicator. An allergen is a thing in your child's environment that may cause an allergic reaction. The applicator is then pressed on the child's back. Patients have described this sensation as feeling "like a hair brush being pressed on their back". Once the test is placed, each test location will have a drop of wet liquid. The patient will then be asked to lie very still for approximately 15 minutes to keep the drops of liquid from running together. This is important to keep the drops of different allergens from running together. Children may be tested for as many as 30 environmental allergens during this test. (The number could be higher if the child is being screened for food allergies in addition to the environmental allergens if food allergy testing is necessary. Individual cases vary at the discretion of the physician).
* Intradermal allergy testing:
A child having this test will be asked to remove his/her shirt, and sit upright as the test is applied to the upper arms. (If you are comfortable doing so, the child may sit on a parent's lap during the test application).
A nurse will write letters on the child's arms with an ink pen to label the areas where the test will be applied. The area is then cleaned. Small amounts of allergen are injected with a small needle syringe just below the surface of the skin. A child having this test can be tested for up to 14 allergens, each requiring individual injections.
A small reaction (similar to a mosquito bite) will appear within approximately 15 minutes if the test is positive. To be sure the test is effective, a control solution (histamine) will be applied. A positive reaction at this test site indicates the test is accurate.
A nurse will measure areas of reaction with a small ruler after test time has elapsed. Your child may experience some mild discomfort with "itching" from the testing. Applying a cool wet cloth following the reading of the test often relieves this discomfort.
What do I say if my child wants to know if allergy testing will hurt?
Each child is different in his/her ability to tolerate pain or discomfort. It is important to let your child know that they will probably experience some discomfort-especially during the intradermal testing. It is very important to be honest in answering their questions. Be honest about medical events at all costs. A child who has been deceived may lose trust with the medical team, and with you as a parent. Trust is a very difficult thing to rebuild. Finding out that testing is necessary may lead to some tears at the time of the discussion, but in the long run is healthier for your child's ability to cope.
If you would like further assistance in explaining outpatient medical events to your child, please contact Child Life at (319) 356-8904. Child Life Specialists are trained to help children and their families adjust to the medical setting.
Sunday, August 12, 2007
Snake Venom can cure Cancer!
The poisonous venom of snakes like the black cobra and viper may provide a possible cure for cancer, according to a new research. A team of scientists at the Drug Development Division in the India Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, has found that proteins present in snake venom can be used to prepare anti-cancer drugs.
The scientists are now trying to single out the proteins in the venom that have anti-cancer properties and inhibit the growth of malignant cells.
"The research can provide clues for development of anti-cancer drugs and our team is working on developing such drugs," Aparna Gomes, who led the team, told newspersons.
The scientists studied the anti-carcinogenic activities in the crude venom of Indian Monocellate cobra and Russell's viper on cancer of the skin, tumour (soft tissues) and blood in mice.
"Snake venom is a complex mixture of several toxic proteins and enzymes. These proteins not only inflict death to human beings, but can also be used for the treatment of cancer and many other diseases," Gomes said.
The study published in the Journal of Ethnophamacology gives an overview of various snake venom components that have prospects in health and diseases. (Agencies)
The scientists are now trying to single out the proteins in the venom that have anti-cancer properties and inhibit the growth of malignant cells.
"The research can provide clues for development of anti-cancer drugs and our team is working on developing such drugs," Aparna Gomes, who led the team, told newspersons.
The scientists studied the anti-carcinogenic activities in the crude venom of Indian Monocellate cobra and Russell's viper on cancer of the skin, tumour (soft tissues) and blood in mice.
"Snake venom is a complex mixture of several toxic proteins and enzymes. These proteins not only inflict death to human beings, but can also be used for the treatment of cancer and many other diseases," Gomes said.
The study published in the Journal of Ethnophamacology gives an overview of various snake venom components that have prospects in health and diseases. (Agencies)
Friday, August 10, 2007
Ginko: A Natural Blood Thinner
What exactly is ginkgo, and what does it do?
For thousands of years, ginkgo extract, from the seeds and leaves of Ginkgo biloba, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has since made its way west and has become one of the most commonly used herbal medicines.
Although the benefits of ginkgo are not clearly understood, it is believed that it may improve blood flow to the brain by thinning the blood. It is also thought that ginkgo reduces inflammation and may act as an antioxidant to fight cell damage.
"Because of this, ginkgo has been used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including blood flow disorders like thrombosis and Raynaud's phenomenon, and in the treatment of problems associated with memory and concentration, likely caused by decreased blood flow to the brain," says Nicole Nisly, MD, UI Hospitals and Clinics Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinic. Ginkgo also has been useful in treating asthma and allergies causing inflammation in the respiratory system.
If you are interested in taking ginkgo, be sure to check with your doctor. "Because of its ability to thin the blood, people who are already taking medications to thin the blood, such as aspirin or warfarin, should not take ginkgo without recommendation from their physician," Nisly says.
Ginkgo is available in health food and grocery stores and is sold in many different forms and combinations. Remember, ginkgo is not a regulated drug, so it does not have to meet the strict guidelines for potency and purity that prescription and over-the-counter medications must meet.
For thousands of years, ginkgo extract, from the seeds and leaves of Ginkgo biloba, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has since made its way west and has become one of the most commonly used herbal medicines.
Although the benefits of ginkgo are not clearly understood, it is believed that it may improve blood flow to the brain by thinning the blood. It is also thought that ginkgo reduces inflammation and may act as an antioxidant to fight cell damage.
"Because of this, ginkgo has been used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including blood flow disorders like thrombosis and Raynaud's phenomenon, and in the treatment of problems associated with memory and concentration, likely caused by decreased blood flow to the brain," says Nicole Nisly, MD, UI Hospitals and Clinics Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinic. Ginkgo also has been useful in treating asthma and allergies causing inflammation in the respiratory system.
If you are interested in taking ginkgo, be sure to check with your doctor. "Because of its ability to thin the blood, people who are already taking medications to thin the blood, such as aspirin or warfarin, should not take ginkgo without recommendation from their physician," Nisly says.
Ginkgo is available in health food and grocery stores and is sold in many different forms and combinations. Remember, ginkgo is not a regulated drug, so it does not have to meet the strict guidelines for potency and purity that prescription and over-the-counter medications must meet.
Thursday, August 9, 2007
Biofeedback Can Help Fight Disease
Biofeedback. The name alone sounds like something from a science fiction novel, but in reality, biofeedback is a practical alternative medicine used to treat several diseases.
According to Nicole Nisly, MD, head of UI Hospitals and Clinics Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinic, biofeedback teaches you to control a function of the body that is normally automatically regulated. This includes functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and skin temperature.
Why would you want to control these functions if the body already does? "The purpose of learning biofeedback is to improve the balance of your nervous system, with increased relaxation and a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate," Nisly says. "By doing so, you can treat certain ailments by learning to control certain parts of the nervous system, which may have suffered an imbalance caused by stress."
When you are learning biofeedback, therapists attach sensors to your body providing instant feedback on a body function using a monitoring device. Your therapist will then help you to control the function by teaching you physical and mental exercises related to the feedback.
Using these techniques, some patients have lowered their blood pressure, gotten rid of headaches, and helped control certain forms of mental illness, all without using medications. Biofeedback also has been useful in treating disorders of the digestive system. Physical therapists use biofeedback to help stoke victims regain muscle strength from paralysis and other movement disorders. Others use biofeedback to regain control of a poorly functioning bladder or bowel.
Most people need several sessions to learn the techniques of biofeedback and are usually successful by the time they complete 12 sessions. Contact your physician for more information about biofeedback and to recommend a therapist trained in the technique.
According to Nicole Nisly, MD, head of UI Hospitals and Clinics Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinic, biofeedback teaches you to control a function of the body that is normally automatically regulated. This includes functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and skin temperature.
Why would you want to control these functions if the body already does? "The purpose of learning biofeedback is to improve the balance of your nervous system, with increased relaxation and a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate," Nisly says. "By doing so, you can treat certain ailments by learning to control certain parts of the nervous system, which may have suffered an imbalance caused by stress."
When you are learning biofeedback, therapists attach sensors to your body providing instant feedback on a body function using a monitoring device. Your therapist will then help you to control the function by teaching you physical and mental exercises related to the feedback.
Using these techniques, some patients have lowered their blood pressure, gotten rid of headaches, and helped control certain forms of mental illness, all without using medications. Biofeedback also has been useful in treating disorders of the digestive system. Physical therapists use biofeedback to help stoke victims regain muscle strength from paralysis and other movement disorders. Others use biofeedback to regain control of a poorly functioning bladder or bowel.
Most people need several sessions to learn the techniques of biofeedback and are usually successful by the time they complete 12 sessions. Contact your physician for more information about biofeedback and to recommend a therapist trained in the technique.
Aromas Can Be Therapy
Does the smell of pumpkin pie make you think of crisp autumn days? Does the smell of peppermint bring back pleasant childhood memories of the holidays? If so, then you already know a bit about the world of aromatherapy.
Aromatherapy uses essential oils, extracted from plants, flowers, herbs, and trees, to stimulate the sense of smell. "As one of the strongest senses we have, smell has the power to activate nerve cells that send impulses to the area of the brain associated with emotions and memory," says Nicole Nisly, MD, who heads the UI Hospitals and Clinics Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinic.
According to Nisly, the oils may be used in different combinations to enhance healing on several levels. "Mentally and emotionally, the scents may evoke a pleasant memory," she says. "Physically, they may help to relieve certain conditions by stimulating the nervous, circulatory, or immune systems." The technique also helps in relaxation because the scents produced can give a feeling of peace and calm."
Aromatherapy has been found helpful in relieving stress, energizing the body, and promoting general well being. Recently, aromatherapy also has been found to ease the symptoms of dementia without the negative side effects of some medications.
It is believed that each oil has its own fragrance and personality, giving it its own unique healing action. The oils can be inhaled with a diffuser or added to bathwater, or they can be used in conjunction with massage to stimulate the mind and body simultaneously.
The oils used in aromatherapy are usually found in health-food stores or pharmacies, and the techniques of aromatherapy may be performed in your home. You also may chose to visit a trained aromatherapist who will help develop a mixture of oils specifically for you. If you are pregnant, an aromatherapist can help determine which oils you should avoid.
Aromatherapy uses essential oils, extracted from plants, flowers, herbs, and trees, to stimulate the sense of smell. "As one of the strongest senses we have, smell has the power to activate nerve cells that send impulses to the area of the brain associated with emotions and memory," says Nicole Nisly, MD, who heads the UI Hospitals and Clinics Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinic.
According to Nisly, the oils may be used in different combinations to enhance healing on several levels. "Mentally and emotionally, the scents may evoke a pleasant memory," she says. "Physically, they may help to relieve certain conditions by stimulating the nervous, circulatory, or immune systems." The technique also helps in relaxation because the scents produced can give a feeling of peace and calm."
Aromatherapy has been found helpful in relieving stress, energizing the body, and promoting general well being. Recently, aromatherapy also has been found to ease the symptoms of dementia without the negative side effects of some medications.
It is believed that each oil has its own fragrance and personality, giving it its own unique healing action. The oils can be inhaled with a diffuser or added to bathwater, or they can be used in conjunction with massage to stimulate the mind and body simultaneously.
The oils used in aromatherapy are usually found in health-food stores or pharmacies, and the techniques of aromatherapy may be performed in your home. You also may chose to visit a trained aromatherapist who will help develop a mixture of oils specifically for you. If you are pregnant, an aromatherapist can help determine which oils you should avoid.
Alternative Medicine: The Powers of Garlic
Some of us ignore the smell and some of us even ignore the taste, but people can’t ignore the benefits of garlic. The herb has long been used to flavor our favorite foods, but research also suggests that garlic can decrease the risk of heart disease and may help prevent cancer.
According to Nicole Nisly, MD, associate professor of Internal Medicine, garlic has been associated with preventing colon, stomach, throat and prostate cancers. Nisly suggests a few possible reasons why garlic is thought to be a cancer-preventing herb: it increases natural killer cells that fight cancers, and it works as an antioxidant that protects cells and rids the body of cancer-causing agents.
Besides preventing cancer, garlic has been known to decrease fungal infections and bacteria in the body, lower cholesterol, and decrease risk of heart disease.
While the exact role of garlic in the preventive process is undetermined, it is believed that when garlic is crushed it forms allicin, which gives garlic its smell. When allicin is formed, it then breaks down further and, depending on how it is prepared, can increase the body’s resistance to cancer. So in order to reap the benefits of garlic, it must be used correctly. Allicin is destroyed by heat and age, so it's best to cook garlic at the lowest temperature possible with a brief cooking time.
How much garlic should you consume each day? This varies by how it is prepared. Nisly suggests taking a dose of 0.4-1.2 grams in a powder or supplement form. If you are using fresh garlic, prepare 1 clove twice a day or 4 grams once a day.
There are some side effects of garlic besides the strong taste and smell. Some people experience indigestion, intestinal or stomach discomfort (such as bloating or pain), sweating, light headaches, and other allergic reactions.
There are also some drug interactions people must be aware of before taking garlic. Garlic is actually a blood thinner, so it shouldn’t be taken if you are already on blood-thinning medications. As a result, patients who are about to undergo or have just finished surgery should not take garlic. Garlic has also been known to decrease the effectiveness of protease inhibitors, so individuals taking HIV drugs should not take garlic.
Supplements can be a beneficial way to maintain a healthy body, but Nisly emphasizes that it is important to remember that dietary supplements do have an effect on your body and that by taking them you run the risk of interactions.
Dietary supplements are not regulated or restricted by the Food and Drug Administration, so different brands may contain different amounts of the product. Therefore, Nisly recommends always using the same brand of supplements. It is important to research the brand you are taking to make sure what you get in the bottle is the real thing. Many companies have toll free numbers and Web sites that can help answer any questions. If you are still unsure, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
According to Nicole Nisly, MD, associate professor of Internal Medicine, garlic has been associated with preventing colon, stomach, throat and prostate cancers. Nisly suggests a few possible reasons why garlic is thought to be a cancer-preventing herb: it increases natural killer cells that fight cancers, and it works as an antioxidant that protects cells and rids the body of cancer-causing agents.
Besides preventing cancer, garlic has been known to decrease fungal infections and bacteria in the body, lower cholesterol, and decrease risk of heart disease.
While the exact role of garlic in the preventive process is undetermined, it is believed that when garlic is crushed it forms allicin, which gives garlic its smell. When allicin is formed, it then breaks down further and, depending on how it is prepared, can increase the body’s resistance to cancer. So in order to reap the benefits of garlic, it must be used correctly. Allicin is destroyed by heat and age, so it's best to cook garlic at the lowest temperature possible with a brief cooking time.
How much garlic should you consume each day? This varies by how it is prepared. Nisly suggests taking a dose of 0.4-1.2 grams in a powder or supplement form. If you are using fresh garlic, prepare 1 clove twice a day or 4 grams once a day.
There are some side effects of garlic besides the strong taste and smell. Some people experience indigestion, intestinal or stomach discomfort (such as bloating or pain), sweating, light headaches, and other allergic reactions.
There are also some drug interactions people must be aware of before taking garlic. Garlic is actually a blood thinner, so it shouldn’t be taken if you are already on blood-thinning medications. As a result, patients who are about to undergo or have just finished surgery should not take garlic. Garlic has also been known to decrease the effectiveness of protease inhibitors, so individuals taking HIV drugs should not take garlic.
Supplements can be a beneficial way to maintain a healthy body, but Nisly emphasizes that it is important to remember that dietary supplements do have an effect on your body and that by taking them you run the risk of interactions.
Dietary supplements are not regulated or restricted by the Food and Drug Administration, so different brands may contain different amounts of the product. Therefore, Nisly recommends always using the same brand of supplements. It is important to research the brand you are taking to make sure what you get in the bottle is the real thing. Many companies have toll free numbers and Web sites that can help answer any questions. If you are still unsure, ask your doctor or pharmacist.
Tuesday, August 7, 2007
Weight loss myths
Myth: Fad diets work for permanent weight loss.
Fact: Fad diets are not the best option to loss weight. Fad diets may sometime help in weight loss and may also ask you to cut down certain foods from your diet. You might loss weight at first due to fad diets. But diets that strictly limit calories and food choices are hard to follow. People might find it difficult and often regain any lost weight.
Fad diets may not be healthy because they may not provide all the nutrients for your body. Also, losing weight at a very fast rate can increase the risk of developing gallstones – the cluster of solid material in the gallbladder that can be painful. Diets that provide less than 800 calories per day also could result in heart rhythm abnormalities which can be fatal.
Tips: Research has suggested that losing certain pounds (1 to 2) a week by eating healthy food choices eating lesser portions and including physical activity into your daily life is the best alternative to lose weight. By adopting healthy eating and physical activity habits you can lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure.
Myth: High-protein/low-carbohydrate diets are a healthy way to lose weight
Fact: The higher risks of health effects of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet are still not known. Eating foods such as meat, eggs and cheese is not termed as a balanced diet. You may eat too much of fat and cholesterol which may increase the chance of heart disease risk and other blood pressure problem. You may include fruits and vegetable as your daily diet, which may lead to constipation due to lack of dietary fiber.
Eating less than 130 grams of carbohydrate in a day can lead to ketones (partially broken-down fats) in your blood. A buildup of ketones in your blood (called ketosis) can cause your body to produce high levels of uric acid, which is a risk factor for gout (a painful swelling of the joints) and kidney stones. Ketosis can be risky for pregnant women and people with diabetes and kidney disease.
Tips: High-protein/low-carbohydrate diets can sometime be low in calories because food choices are strictly limited so they may cause short-term weight loss. But eating reduced-calorie which includes recommended amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat will also allow you to lose weight. Following a balanced diet, will help you to lose weight. You may also find it easier to stick with a diet or eating plan that includes a numerous variety of foods.
Myth: Starches are fattening and should be limited when trying to lose weight
Fact: Foods that are high in starch includes bread, rice, pasta, cereals, beans, fruits, and some vegetables such as potatoes and yams are low in fat and calories. They can be high in fat and calories when they are eaten in large portion or when topped with other high-fat toppings like butter, sour cream or mayonnaise. Foods high in starch are the vital source of energy for your body.
Tips: All you need is to pay attention to serving sizes that you eat. Try to avoid high-fat such as whole grains like whole wheat bread, brown rice and oatmeal. Include other starchy foods that are high in dietary and fiber like beans, peas and vegetables.
Myth: Certain foods, like grapefruit, celery, or cabbage soup, can burn fat and make you lose weight
Fact: There are no foods which can help burn fat. Foods with caffeine can speed up the metabolism (the way body uses energy) for certain time, but they do not lead to weight loss.
Tips: The best alterative to reduce your weight is to cut down the amount of fat and calories.
Meal Myths
Myth: "I can lose weight while eating whatever I want."
Fact: In order to loss weight you need to burn your calories, than you eat. It is possible to eat food you want and loss weight. All you need is to limit the amount of calories you eat and increase your daily physical activity. Cutting down the portion is the key to loss your weight. Eat small amounts of food and choosing foods that are low in calories.
Tips: When you are in the process to lose weight you can still eat your favorite foods as long as you pay attention to the amounts of calories.
Myth: Skipping meals is a good way to lose weight.
Fact: Studies have shown that people who skip their breakfast and eat few times during the day tend to be heavier than people who eat a healthy breakfast and eat good food a day. Because people who skip meals they feel hungrier and eat more than they normally eat. It should be noted that eating many small meals throughout the day helps people control their appetites.
Tips: Eat small amount of meals that include low-fat and low-calories.
Myth: Eating after 8 p.m. causes weight gain.
Fact: It really does not matter what time of day you normally eat your meal. What matter is how much you eat and how much physical activity you do during the entire day which helps to determines whether you gain, lose or maintain your weight.
Tips: All you need is to control the amounts of fat and calories and increase the physical activity to loss weight, the time you eat is really doesn’t matter .
Physical Activity Myth
Myth: Lifting weights is not good to do if you want to lose weight, because it will make you "bulk up."
Fact: Doing regular exercise which includes weight lifting activities like push-ups and crunches on a regular basis can actually help you maintain or lose weight. These activities can help you build and burn muscle and also more calories than body fat. Doing strengthening activities 2 or 3 days a week will not bulk you up.
Tips: Doing regular exercise is good for your health other than moderate-exercise you must include walking or jogging 2 to 3 times in a week.
Food Myths
Myth: Nuts are fattening and you should not eat them if you want to lose weight.
Fact: Nuts can be part of a healthy weight-loss program. They are high in calories and fat. However, most nuts contain healthy fats that do not clog arteries. Nuts are also good sources of protein, dietary fiber and minerals including magnesium and copper. It can help you to reduce the chances of getting heart related problems.
Tips: Eating small portions of nuts can be very fruitful.
Fact: Fad diets are not the best option to loss weight. Fad diets may sometime help in weight loss and may also ask you to cut down certain foods from your diet. You might loss weight at first due to fad diets. But diets that strictly limit calories and food choices are hard to follow. People might find it difficult and often regain any lost weight.
Fad diets may not be healthy because they may not provide all the nutrients for your body. Also, losing weight at a very fast rate can increase the risk of developing gallstones – the cluster of solid material in the gallbladder that can be painful. Diets that provide less than 800 calories per day also could result in heart rhythm abnormalities which can be fatal.
Tips: Research has suggested that losing certain pounds (1 to 2) a week by eating healthy food choices eating lesser portions and including physical activity into your daily life is the best alternative to lose weight. By adopting healthy eating and physical activity habits you can lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease and high blood pressure.
Myth: High-protein/low-carbohydrate diets are a healthy way to lose weight
Fact: The higher risks of health effects of a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet are still not known. Eating foods such as meat, eggs and cheese is not termed as a balanced diet. You may eat too much of fat and cholesterol which may increase the chance of heart disease risk and other blood pressure problem. You may include fruits and vegetable as your daily diet, which may lead to constipation due to lack of dietary fiber.
Eating less than 130 grams of carbohydrate in a day can lead to ketones (partially broken-down fats) in your blood. A buildup of ketones in your blood (called ketosis) can cause your body to produce high levels of uric acid, which is a risk factor for gout (a painful swelling of the joints) and kidney stones. Ketosis can be risky for pregnant women and people with diabetes and kidney disease.
Tips: High-protein/low-carbohydrate diets can sometime be low in calories because food choices are strictly limited so they may cause short-term weight loss. But eating reduced-calorie which includes recommended amounts of carbohydrate, protein and fat will also allow you to lose weight. Following a balanced diet, will help you to lose weight. You may also find it easier to stick with a diet or eating plan that includes a numerous variety of foods.
Myth: Starches are fattening and should be limited when trying to lose weight
Fact: Foods that are high in starch includes bread, rice, pasta, cereals, beans, fruits, and some vegetables such as potatoes and yams are low in fat and calories. They can be high in fat and calories when they are eaten in large portion or when topped with other high-fat toppings like butter, sour cream or mayonnaise. Foods high in starch are the vital source of energy for your body.
Tips: All you need is to pay attention to serving sizes that you eat. Try to avoid high-fat such as whole grains like whole wheat bread, brown rice and oatmeal. Include other starchy foods that are high in dietary and fiber like beans, peas and vegetables.
Myth: Certain foods, like grapefruit, celery, or cabbage soup, can burn fat and make you lose weight
Fact: There are no foods which can help burn fat. Foods with caffeine can speed up the metabolism (the way body uses energy) for certain time, but they do not lead to weight loss.
Tips: The best alterative to reduce your weight is to cut down the amount of fat and calories.
Meal Myths
Myth: "I can lose weight while eating whatever I want."
Fact: In order to loss weight you need to burn your calories, than you eat. It is possible to eat food you want and loss weight. All you need is to limit the amount of calories you eat and increase your daily physical activity. Cutting down the portion is the key to loss your weight. Eat small amounts of food and choosing foods that are low in calories.
Tips: When you are in the process to lose weight you can still eat your favorite foods as long as you pay attention to the amounts of calories.
Myth: Skipping meals is a good way to lose weight.
Fact: Studies have shown that people who skip their breakfast and eat few times during the day tend to be heavier than people who eat a healthy breakfast and eat good food a day. Because people who skip meals they feel hungrier and eat more than they normally eat. It should be noted that eating many small meals throughout the day helps people control their appetites.
Tips: Eat small amount of meals that include low-fat and low-calories.
Myth: Eating after 8 p.m. causes weight gain.
Fact: It really does not matter what time of day you normally eat your meal. What matter is how much you eat and how much physical activity you do during the entire day which helps to determines whether you gain, lose or maintain your weight.
Tips: All you need is to control the amounts of fat and calories and increase the physical activity to loss weight, the time you eat is really doesn’t matter .
Physical Activity Myth
Myth: Lifting weights is not good to do if you want to lose weight, because it will make you "bulk up."
Fact: Doing regular exercise which includes weight lifting activities like push-ups and crunches on a regular basis can actually help you maintain or lose weight. These activities can help you build and burn muscle and also more calories than body fat. Doing strengthening activities 2 or 3 days a week will not bulk you up.
Tips: Doing regular exercise is good for your health other than moderate-exercise you must include walking or jogging 2 to 3 times in a week.
Food Myths
Myth: Nuts are fattening and you should not eat them if you want to lose weight.
Fact: Nuts can be part of a healthy weight-loss program. They are high in calories and fat. However, most nuts contain healthy fats that do not clog arteries. Nuts are also good sources of protein, dietary fiber and minerals including magnesium and copper. It can help you to reduce the chances of getting heart related problems.
Tips: Eating small portions of nuts can be very fruitful.
Weight Cycling
What Is Weight Cycling?
Weight cycling can be defined as the repeated loss and regain of body weight. Weight cycling is the result of dieting; and is often called "yo-yo" dieting. A weight cycle can range from small weight losses and gains to large changes in weight.
Experts are not sure whether weight cycling can leads to health problems. Studies suggest that the possible health problems such as blood pressure, high cholesterol, and gallbladder disease.
Weight cycling may affect your mental health, due to the reason that it can make a person feel depressed about their weight.
If I regain lost weight, won't losing it again be even harder?
For the person who has been repeatedly loses and gain weight over a period of time shouldn’t have problem as against the person who is losing weight for the first time. Studies have shown that weight cycling does not affect metabolic rate – the rate at which the body burns food to generate energy. Based on these, weight cycling should not affect the weight loss program of an individual. Metabolism slows down as the person ages. In order, to improve the overall process of weight loss the person should be involves in regular physical activity as well as healthy eating habits can be a part of your life and improves the health.
Will weight cycling leave me with more fat and less muscle than if I had not dieted at all?
Weight cycling has not been blamed to increase the amount of fat tissue in people who are in process of lose and gain weight. Studies have found that after weight cycle, those return to normal weights have same amount of fat tissue as they did before starting weight cycling.
People are more worried that weight cycling can put-up some more fat around their stomach area. People who tend to carry excess fat in the stomach area, instead of in the hips, thighs, and buttocks, are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
Is weight cycling harmful to my health?
Research on weight cycling has suggested that it may involve the risk of health problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and gallbladder disease.
Losing and gaining weight can have a negative psychological effect, which can lead to depression of gaining weight. Weight cycling should not be taken up seriously. Instead it is a way to focus on making long-term changes in your diet and level of physical activity to help you keep healthy.
Is staying overweight healthier than weight cycling?
The diseases associated with being obese are well known. These include:
* High blood pressure
* Heart disease
* Stroke
* Type 2 diabetes
* Certain types of cancer
* Arthritis
* Gallbladder disease.
Not every person who is overweight has the same of disease. Either you are a man or woman the amount and location of your fat, or your family history of disease all plays a vital role in determining your disease risk.
Weight cycling can be defined as the repeated loss and regain of body weight. Weight cycling is the result of dieting; and is often called "yo-yo" dieting. A weight cycle can range from small weight losses and gains to large changes in weight.
Experts are not sure whether weight cycling can leads to health problems. Studies suggest that the possible health problems such as blood pressure, high cholesterol, and gallbladder disease.
Weight cycling may affect your mental health, due to the reason that it can make a person feel depressed about their weight.
If I regain lost weight, won't losing it again be even harder?
For the person who has been repeatedly loses and gain weight over a period of time shouldn’t have problem as against the person who is losing weight for the first time. Studies have shown that weight cycling does not affect metabolic rate – the rate at which the body burns food to generate energy. Based on these, weight cycling should not affect the weight loss program of an individual. Metabolism slows down as the person ages. In order, to improve the overall process of weight loss the person should be involves in regular physical activity as well as healthy eating habits can be a part of your life and improves the health.
Will weight cycling leave me with more fat and less muscle than if I had not dieted at all?
Weight cycling has not been blamed to increase the amount of fat tissue in people who are in process of lose and gain weight. Studies have found that after weight cycle, those return to normal weights have same amount of fat tissue as they did before starting weight cycling.
People are more worried that weight cycling can put-up some more fat around their stomach area. People who tend to carry excess fat in the stomach area, instead of in the hips, thighs, and buttocks, are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
Is weight cycling harmful to my health?
Research on weight cycling has suggested that it may involve the risk of health problems such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and gallbladder disease.
Losing and gaining weight can have a negative psychological effect, which can lead to depression of gaining weight. Weight cycling should not be taken up seriously. Instead it is a way to focus on making long-term changes in your diet and level of physical activity to help you keep healthy.
Is staying overweight healthier than weight cycling?
The diseases associated with being obese are well known. These include:
* High blood pressure
* Heart disease
* Stroke
* Type 2 diabetes
* Certain types of cancer
* Arthritis
* Gallbladder disease.
Not every person who is overweight has the same of disease. Either you are a man or woman the amount and location of your fat, or your family history of disease all plays a vital role in determining your disease risk.
Saturday, August 4, 2007
alcoholism -- Causes
Alcoholism is a chronic illness characterized by the habitual consumption of alcohol. Some alcoholics drink daily. Others drink less often, but the drinking becomes out of control. Alcohol use is to the degree that it interferes with physical or mental health or with normal social or work behavior.
Alcohol produces both physical and psychological addiction. It is a central nervous system depressant that reduces anxiety, inhibition, and feelings of guilt. It lowers alertness and impairs perception, judgment, and motor coordination. In high doses, it can cause loss of consciousness and even death. Chronic alcoholism damages the brain, liver, heart, and other organs.
Many people wonder what causes alcoholism. No one can become an alcoholic if they do not drink alcohol. For people who do choose to drink alcohol, some seem to be able to drink without problems, while others do not. Nonetheless:
* There are certain signs and symptoms that are the same for every alcoholic.
* There are certain "stages" that each alcoholic will go through if the disease is not treated.
* Alcoholism is chronic, and the disease won't go away on its own.
* Without treatment, alcoholism can cause death.
* Alcoholism can be treated.
We can think of alcoholism like we think of other diseases. Some people are more at risk for the disease. They can learn ways to live with the disease and take care of themselves. As in other diseases, if the person refuses treatment, the disease will get worse, and the person may even die.
Risk factors for alcoholism in people who drink alcohol include:
* a family member who is alcoholic,
* a history of other substance abuse,
* depression, or
* post-traumatic stress syndrome.
Research has shown that alcoholics may not be able to metabolize alcohol in the way other people can. It may never be completely understood what causes alcoholism, but there is treatment for alcoholism. If an alcoholic decides to get treatment, he or she has a very good chance of living a long and healthy life.
To find out more about alcoholism and treatment, contact the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence at (800) NCA-CALL, your school nurse or counselor, worksite nurse, Employee Assistance Program, or Alcoholics Anonymous in the white pages of your phone book.
Alcohol produces both physical and psychological addiction. It is a central nervous system depressant that reduces anxiety, inhibition, and feelings of guilt. It lowers alertness and impairs perception, judgment, and motor coordination. In high doses, it can cause loss of consciousness and even death. Chronic alcoholism damages the brain, liver, heart, and other organs.
Many people wonder what causes alcoholism. No one can become an alcoholic if they do not drink alcohol. For people who do choose to drink alcohol, some seem to be able to drink without problems, while others do not. Nonetheless:
* There are certain signs and symptoms that are the same for every alcoholic.
* There are certain "stages" that each alcoholic will go through if the disease is not treated.
* Alcoholism is chronic, and the disease won't go away on its own.
* Without treatment, alcoholism can cause death.
* Alcoholism can be treated.
We can think of alcoholism like we think of other diseases. Some people are more at risk for the disease. They can learn ways to live with the disease and take care of themselves. As in other diseases, if the person refuses treatment, the disease will get worse, and the person may even die.
Risk factors for alcoholism in people who drink alcohol include:
* a family member who is alcoholic,
* a history of other substance abuse,
* depression, or
* post-traumatic stress syndrome.
Research has shown that alcoholics may not be able to metabolize alcohol in the way other people can. It may never be completely understood what causes alcoholism, but there is treatment for alcoholism. If an alcoholic decides to get treatment, he or she has a very good chance of living a long and healthy life.
To find out more about alcoholism and treatment, contact the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence at (800) NCA-CALL, your school nurse or counselor, worksite nurse, Employee Assistance Program, or Alcoholics Anonymous in the white pages of your phone book.
Alcohol and drugs may be quite a trip
If alcohol and drugs have been your tour guide, maybe it is time for a change.
Alcohol or drug addiction are life threatening diseases. Alcohol related crashes killed 17,013 Americans in 2003. An additional 600,000 were seriously injured. Alcohol related crashes in the United States cost the public an estimated $114.3 billion in 2000.
Alcoholism and drug addiction are chronic, progressive illnesses displaying certain symptoms in the early, middle and late stages of addiction. Alcoholism and drug addiction are treatable.
If you think alcohol or drug use is one of the causes of your stay here in the hospital, we encourage you to answer the following questions:
* Have you ever decided to stop drinking (using drugs) for a week or so but only lasted for a couple of days?
* Do you wish people would mind their own business about your drinking (use of drugs) - stop telling you what to do?
* Have you ever switched from one kind of drink (drug) in the hope that this would keep you from getting drunk?
* Have you ever had an "eye-opener" upon awakening during the past year?
* Do you envy people who can drink (use drugs) without getting into trouble?
* Have you had problems connected with drinking (using drugs) during the past year? Be honest! Experts say that if you have a problem with alcohol or drugs and continue using, it will get worse - never better. Eventually, death or institutionalization may result. The only hope is to stop!
* Has your drinking (drug use) caused trouble at home?
* Do you ever try to get "extra" drinks (drugs) at a party because you do not get enough?
* Do you tell yourself you can stop drinking (using drugs) any time you want to, even though you keep getting drunk (high) when you don't mean to?
* Have you missed days of work or school because of drinking (using drugs)?
* Do you have "blackouts?" A blackout is when a person loses a period of time while drinking or using drugs.
* Have you ever felt that your life would be better if you did not drink (use drugs)?
Many people who answer yes to four or more of these questions realize they have a problem. There is no cure for alcoholism (addiction). It is treatable. If drinking (drug use) continues, the results are accurately predictable.
Treatment options include:
* Inpatient treatment at a hospital or treatment center. This may include a 30-day stay.
* Outpatient treatment. This can be arranged around work hours if needed. Length of treatment varies with individual.
* Attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings. This is most often effective if in combination with one of the first two options. Local AA Intergroup can be reached at 338-9111 for a meeting schedule. This hospital offers an open AA meeting on Thursday evenings at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday evenings at 7 p.m.
* Iowa Substance Abuse Information Center can give you information on assistance in your local area. Call 1-800-247-0614 for information for your area. Hours are Monday- Friday 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
* A professional addiction counselor can help plan the treatment best for you.
* Al-Anon is a support group for family and friends. Check with your local AA chapter for further information. 319-341-7068 for Iowa City area.
* An RN and/or counselor from The Chemical Dependency Center or 5BT is available to talk with you about options and give you information for outpatient treatment here at UIHC.
Alcoholism is considered a disease. It has a pattern of identifiable symptoms that will gradually get worse and will lead to an early death unless treated.
Alcoholism is thought of as a family disease because it affects everyone in the family. Treatment centers often request that the family participate in counseling to help themselves and provide support for their recovering family member.
Treatment is only a beginning. Recovery is a lifelong process characterized by periods of growth and sometimes relapse. It is not a sign of failure on the part of the client or counselor if relapse occurs. It is not unusual for people to require treatment more than once in their lifetime.
We hope you have learned more about alcohol/drug addiction. If you're looking for a change and think alcohol (drugs) is a problem, we will assist you in getting the right help.
Alcohol or drug addiction are life threatening diseases. Alcohol related crashes killed 17,013 Americans in 2003. An additional 600,000 were seriously injured. Alcohol related crashes in the United States cost the public an estimated $114.3 billion in 2000.
Alcoholism and drug addiction are chronic, progressive illnesses displaying certain symptoms in the early, middle and late stages of addiction. Alcoholism and drug addiction are treatable.
If you think alcohol or drug use is one of the causes of your stay here in the hospital, we encourage you to answer the following questions:
* Have you ever decided to stop drinking (using drugs) for a week or so but only lasted for a couple of days?
* Do you wish people would mind their own business about your drinking (use of drugs) - stop telling you what to do?
* Have you ever switched from one kind of drink (drug) in the hope that this would keep you from getting drunk?
* Have you ever had an "eye-opener" upon awakening during the past year?
* Do you envy people who can drink (use drugs) without getting into trouble?
* Have you had problems connected with drinking (using drugs) during the past year? Be honest! Experts say that if you have a problem with alcohol or drugs and continue using, it will get worse - never better. Eventually, death or institutionalization may result. The only hope is to stop!
* Has your drinking (drug use) caused trouble at home?
* Do you ever try to get "extra" drinks (drugs) at a party because you do not get enough?
* Do you tell yourself you can stop drinking (using drugs) any time you want to, even though you keep getting drunk (high) when you don't mean to?
* Have you missed days of work or school because of drinking (using drugs)?
* Do you have "blackouts?" A blackout is when a person loses a period of time while drinking or using drugs.
* Have you ever felt that your life would be better if you did not drink (use drugs)?
Many people who answer yes to four or more of these questions realize they have a problem. There is no cure for alcoholism (addiction). It is treatable. If drinking (drug use) continues, the results are accurately predictable.
Treatment options include:
* Inpatient treatment at a hospital or treatment center. This may include a 30-day stay.
* Outpatient treatment. This can be arranged around work hours if needed. Length of treatment varies with individual.
* Attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings. This is most often effective if in combination with one of the first two options. Local AA Intergroup can be reached at 338-9111 for a meeting schedule. This hospital offers an open AA meeting on Thursday evenings at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday evenings at 7 p.m.
* Iowa Substance Abuse Information Center can give you information on assistance in your local area. Call 1-800-247-0614 for information for your area. Hours are Monday- Friday 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
* A professional addiction counselor can help plan the treatment best for you.
* Al-Anon is a support group for family and friends. Check with your local AA chapter for further information. 319-341-7068 for Iowa City area.
* An RN and/or counselor from The Chemical Dependency Center or 5BT is available to talk with you about options and give you information for outpatient treatment here at UIHC.
Alcoholism is considered a disease. It has a pattern of identifiable symptoms that will gradually get worse and will lead to an early death unless treated.
Alcoholism is thought of as a family disease because it affects everyone in the family. Treatment centers often request that the family participate in counseling to help themselves and provide support for their recovering family member.
Treatment is only a beginning. Recovery is a lifelong process characterized by periods of growth and sometimes relapse. It is not a sign of failure on the part of the client or counselor if relapse occurs. It is not unusual for people to require treatment more than once in their lifetime.
We hope you have learned more about alcohol/drug addiction. If you're looking for a change and think alcohol (drugs) is a problem, we will assist you in getting the right help.
Monday, July 30, 2007
about Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis.jpgTuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs. But, TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. TB disease was once the leading cause of death in the United States.
TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The bacteria are put into the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs or sneezes. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
However, not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. People who are not sick have what is called latent TB infection. People who have latent TB infection do not feel sick, do not have any symptoms, and cannot spread TB to others. But, some people with latent TB infection go on to get TB disease.
People with active TB disease can be treated and cured if they seek medical help. Even better, people with latent TB infection can take medicine so that they will not develop active TB disease.
Popularity: 1% [?]
TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The bacteria are put into the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs or sneezes. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
However, not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. People who are not sick have what is called latent TB infection. People who have latent TB infection do not feel sick, do not have any symptoms, and cannot spread TB to others. But, some people with latent TB infection go on to get TB disease.
People with active TB disease can be treated and cured if they seek medical help. Even better, people with latent TB infection can take medicine so that they will not develop active TB disease.
Popularity: 1% [?]
Sunday, July 29, 2007
is there treatment for HIV/AIDS
All the currently licensed anti-retroviral drugs, namely AZT, dd1 and ddC, have effects which last only for a limited duration. In addition, these drugs are very expensive and have severe adverse reactions while the virus tends to develop resistance rather quickly with single-drug therapy. The emphasis is now on giving a combination of drugs including newer drugs called protease inhibitors; but this makes treatment even more expensive. WHO’s present policy does not recommend antiviral drugs but instead advocates strengthening of clinical management for HIV-associated opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis and diarrhoea. Better care programmes have been shown to prolong survival and improve the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS.
What is HIV
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. HIV destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ T cells. These cells are critical to the normal function of the human immune system, which defends the body against illness. When HIV weakens the immune system, a person is more susceptible to developing a variety of cancers and becoming infected with viruses, bacteria and parasites.
How do u get infectd by HIV?
HIV is passed on in the sexual fluids or blood of an infected person, so if infected blood or sexual fluid gets into your body, you can become infected. This usually happens by either having sexual intercourse with an infected person or by sharing needles used to inject drugs with an infected person. People can also become infected by being born to a mother who has HIV and a very small number of people become infected by having medical treatment using infected blood transfusions.
HIV can’t be caught by kissing, hugging or shaking hands with an infected person, and it can’t be transmitted by sneezes, door handles or dirty glasses.
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
You can be HIV-positive and not realize it. Many people who are infected with HIV do not have symptoms for many years. You cannot rely on symptoms to know your HIV status.
The following may be warning signs of HIV infection:
* Severe weight loss
* Fevers
* Headaches
* Drenching night sweats
* Fatigue
* Severe diarrhea
* Shortness of breath
* Difficulty swallowing
The symptoms can last for weeks or months at a time and do not go away without treatment. Since these symptoms are commonly seen in other diseases, don’t assume these are HIV/AIDS-related until you get tested. If you are experiencing these symptoms and think you might be at risk, don’t wait! See a doctor or visit your student health center and get tested!!
A positive HIV test does not mean a person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician using certain clinical criteria. As with other diseases, early detection offers more options for preventative care and treatment.
How do u get infectd by HIV?
HIV is passed on in the sexual fluids or blood of an infected person, so if infected blood or sexual fluid gets into your body, you can become infected. This usually happens by either having sexual intercourse with an infected person or by sharing needles used to inject drugs with an infected person. People can also become infected by being born to a mother who has HIV and a very small number of people become infected by having medical treatment using infected blood transfusions.
HIV can’t be caught by kissing, hugging or shaking hands with an infected person, and it can’t be transmitted by sneezes, door handles or dirty glasses.
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
You can be HIV-positive and not realize it. Many people who are infected with HIV do not have symptoms for many years. You cannot rely on symptoms to know your HIV status.
The following may be warning signs of HIV infection:
* Severe weight loss
* Fevers
* Headaches
* Drenching night sweats
* Fatigue
* Severe diarrhea
* Shortness of breath
* Difficulty swallowing
The symptoms can last for weeks or months at a time and do not go away without treatment. Since these symptoms are commonly seen in other diseases, don’t assume these are HIV/AIDS-related until you get tested. If you are experiencing these symptoms and think you might be at risk, don’t wait! See a doctor or visit your student health center and get tested!!
A positive HIV test does not mean a person has AIDS. A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician using certain clinical criteria. As with other diseases, early detection offers more options for preventative care and treatment.
What is AIDS
AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
Acquired - means that the disease is not hereditary but develops after birth from contact with a disease causing agent (in this case, HIV).
Immunodeficiency - means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of the immune system.
Syndrome - refers to a group of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease. In the case of AIDS this can include the development of certain infections and/or cancers, as well as a decrease in the number of certain cells in a person’s immune system.
A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician using specific clinical or laboratory standards.
Acquired - means that the disease is not hereditary but develops after birth from contact with a disease causing agent (in this case, HIV).
Immunodeficiency - means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of the immune system.
Syndrome - refers to a group of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease. In the case of AIDS this can include the development of certain infections and/or cancers, as well as a decrease in the number of certain cells in a person’s immune system.
A diagnosis of AIDS is made by a physician using specific clinical or laboratory standards.
What is Acidity?
The stomach normally secretes acid that is essential in the digestive process. This acid helps in breaking down the food during digestion. When there is excess production of acid in the stomach, it results in the condition known as acidity or APD.
Normally, there are some protective mechanisms against the acid, in the stomach and proximal intestine. But an imbalance between the protective mechanisms and the level of acid secretion can cause acidity.
Normally, there are some protective mechanisms against the acid, in the stomach and proximal intestine. But an imbalance between the protective mechanisms and the level of acid secretion can cause acidity.
Friday, July 27, 2007
For Teenagers with Depressions
Introduction
Been there, done that, bought the t-shirt. Of course, it was over twenty years ago, but I still remember with painful clarity what it was like to be a teenager with depression. The sadness, the feeling of helplessness, the belief that it was part of my personality and the conviction that something was wrong. I just didn't know what it was. At that time, in the late '70s, no one really did. The medical community didn't believe children, including teenagers, could suffer from depression. Fortunately, now things are different, to some extent. There still is a lot of misunderstanding about what clinical depression is, so many teens don't get help, either because they don't realize they have depression, or because it's hard for them to get help.
Symptoms of Depression
How Does It Feel?
You're sad all the time, and/or you feel anxious or numb.
You feel hopeless about everything.
You feel guilty.
You feel worthless.
You have a lot of physical problems (stomachaches, headaches, chest pain) that don't seem to have any cause.
You feel irritable (everything and everyone annoys you).
You have very little energy and you're tired all the time.
You feel restless and fidgety.
You have difficulty concentrating on anything.
You're thinking about suicide or death a lot.
How It May Be Affecting Your Life
Your grades have dropped.
You're sleeping a lot or having trouble sleeping.
You've gained or lost weight.
You don't want to spend time with your friends anymore.
You have no interest in things you used to like doing.
You cry a lot for no particular reason.
How Do I Tell My Parents?
This is a tough one, and a question I get fairly often. First of all, let's assume that your parents are loving, stable and have your best interests at heart. They may still unknowingly make it difficult for you to get help. They may say, "What do you have to be depressed about?" or tell you that your feelings will pass and are a normal part of being a teenager. There are two factors at work in this case. One is denial. No parent wants to think something is wrong with their child, especially something like mental illness which has so much stigma attached to it. They may feel guilty or deny what is happening because they feel helpless to take care of you, the way they used to be able to put a bandaid over a scraped knee. The second factor is lack of knowledge on their part. They are not alone in this - over 70% of adults surveyed believed that a depressed person just needed to pull himself/herself together. In this case, it's not their fault that they don't know enough about depression, and probably just need to be educated. Once you present them with some information, they will probably be eager to get help for you.
I know that you may not have parents like that. Let's assume that your parents are self-involved or have their own problems like addiction or are abusive. In this case you'll have to be strong and get help on your own. It's hard that your parents can't be there for you when you need them, but chances are that you're used to taking care of yourself. If you have depression it's very difficult to do anything positive, but you have to get help. You can't let it ruin your life.
Been there, done that, bought the t-shirt. Of course, it was over twenty years ago, but I still remember with painful clarity what it was like to be a teenager with depression. The sadness, the feeling of helplessness, the belief that it was part of my personality and the conviction that something was wrong. I just didn't know what it was. At that time, in the late '70s, no one really did. The medical community didn't believe children, including teenagers, could suffer from depression. Fortunately, now things are different, to some extent. There still is a lot of misunderstanding about what clinical depression is, so many teens don't get help, either because they don't realize they have depression, or because it's hard for them to get help.
Symptoms of Depression
How Does It Feel?
You're sad all the time, and/or you feel anxious or numb.
You feel hopeless about everything.
You feel guilty.
You feel worthless.
You have a lot of physical problems (stomachaches, headaches, chest pain) that don't seem to have any cause.
You feel irritable (everything and everyone annoys you).
You have very little energy and you're tired all the time.
You feel restless and fidgety.
You have difficulty concentrating on anything.
You're thinking about suicide or death a lot.
How It May Be Affecting Your Life
Your grades have dropped.
You're sleeping a lot or having trouble sleeping.
You've gained or lost weight.
You don't want to spend time with your friends anymore.
You have no interest in things you used to like doing.
You cry a lot for no particular reason.
How Do I Tell My Parents?
This is a tough one, and a question I get fairly often. First of all, let's assume that your parents are loving, stable and have your best interests at heart. They may still unknowingly make it difficult for you to get help. They may say, "What do you have to be depressed about?" or tell you that your feelings will pass and are a normal part of being a teenager. There are two factors at work in this case. One is denial. No parent wants to think something is wrong with their child, especially something like mental illness which has so much stigma attached to it. They may feel guilty or deny what is happening because they feel helpless to take care of you, the way they used to be able to put a bandaid over a scraped knee. The second factor is lack of knowledge on their part. They are not alone in this - over 70% of adults surveyed believed that a depressed person just needed to pull himself/herself together. In this case, it's not their fault that they don't know enough about depression, and probably just need to be educated. Once you present them with some information, they will probably be eager to get help for you.
I know that you may not have parents like that. Let's assume that your parents are self-involved or have their own problems like addiction or are abusive. In this case you'll have to be strong and get help on your own. It's hard that your parents can't be there for you when you need them, but chances are that you're used to taking care of yourself. If you have depression it's very difficult to do anything positive, but you have to get help. You can't let it ruin your life.
Wednesday, July 25, 2007
How to prevent acne
Natural treatments for acne are the only treatments that are completely harmless in your battle against acne. The only way that you can prevent acne is either through very harsh prescribed antibiotics or through safe and effective natural treatments. I am going to share some things with you that you can do to treat and prevent acne.
One thing that you can do to treat and prevent acne is to use toothpaste on swelling and red pimples. Toothpaste will actually help reduce the swelling and redness a whole lot in a little amount of time. Take some regular toothpaste and put it on the affected areas right before you go to bed. Leave in on your face overnight and in the morning you should see a big difference in the swelling and redness.
Another thing that will help prevent and treat acne is to drink a lot of water each day. Make sure that you drink 10-12 full glasses of water each day. Water will flush out the toxins that are causing acne and will help your skin a whole lot. It doesn’t get much easier than water as a natural treatment for acne.
You also want to make sure that you eat plenty of fruits and vegetables each day. They will help with water intake and provide your body with a lot of great vitamins and minerals that will help fight off acne.
Another great thing to use to treat acne is a lemon face wash. With the skin of a lemon and warm water, wash your face gently. Let the water and lemon juice stand on your face for around thirty minutes to do its magic. You will be amazed at the results within a week or two.
Acne can be hard to treat and prevent if you don’t know what to do to treat it. There is a lot of guess work when you go to the doctor and get on harsh medicines. They will try one thing, and if it doesn’t work, will go to another. This can lead to a lot of harm to your body. The great thing about natural treatment is that there will never be any harm and you will be able to get rid of acne a lot faster and keep it off.
Another tip to help treat and prevent acne is to stay out of the kitchen. When foods are frying grease becomes airborne and settles on your face and skin. This will clog your pores and will cause your acne to get worse than it already is. So, if there is food frying, go the other way.
The most important thing I want you to remember is that you need to stop popping pimples. Popping pimples spreads that bacteria causing more acne, and can also push the pus further down into the skin causing cystic acne. So, the next time you find yourself picking and popping, try to stop. I know it is hard looking at that ugly pimple, but try to hold back so that your skin can heal.
One thing that you can do to treat and prevent acne is to use toothpaste on swelling and red pimples. Toothpaste will actually help reduce the swelling and redness a whole lot in a little amount of time. Take some regular toothpaste and put it on the affected areas right before you go to bed. Leave in on your face overnight and in the morning you should see a big difference in the swelling and redness.
Another thing that will help prevent and treat acne is to drink a lot of water each day. Make sure that you drink 10-12 full glasses of water each day. Water will flush out the toxins that are causing acne and will help your skin a whole lot. It doesn’t get much easier than water as a natural treatment for acne.
You also want to make sure that you eat plenty of fruits and vegetables each day. They will help with water intake and provide your body with a lot of great vitamins and minerals that will help fight off acne.
Another great thing to use to treat acne is a lemon face wash. With the skin of a lemon and warm water, wash your face gently. Let the water and lemon juice stand on your face for around thirty minutes to do its magic. You will be amazed at the results within a week or two.
Acne can be hard to treat and prevent if you don’t know what to do to treat it. There is a lot of guess work when you go to the doctor and get on harsh medicines. They will try one thing, and if it doesn’t work, will go to another. This can lead to a lot of harm to your body. The great thing about natural treatment is that there will never be any harm and you will be able to get rid of acne a lot faster and keep it off.
Another tip to help treat and prevent acne is to stay out of the kitchen. When foods are frying grease becomes airborne and settles on your face and skin. This will clog your pores and will cause your acne to get worse than it already is. So, if there is food frying, go the other way.
The most important thing I want you to remember is that you need to stop popping pimples. Popping pimples spreads that bacteria causing more acne, and can also push the pus further down into the skin causing cystic acne. So, the next time you find yourself picking and popping, try to stop. I know it is hard looking at that ugly pimple, but try to hold back so that your skin can heal.
Sunday, July 15, 2007
Overweight and Obesity
The number of overweight and obese children in the United States is growing at a phenomenal rate. On the whole, kids are spending less time exercising and more time in front of the TV, computer, or video game console. And today's busy families have fewer free moments to prepare wholesome, home-cooked meals, day in and day out. From fast food to electronics, quick and easy seems to be the mindset of many people, young and old, in the new millennium.
Since the 1960s, the number of overweight kids and adolescents in the United States has nearly doubled. Today, 10% of 2- to 5-year-olds and more than 15% of children between the ages of 6 and 19 are overweight. And a whopping 31% of adults are also obese. Studies indicate that overweight and obese adolescents have up to an 80% chance of becoming overweight and obese adults, especially if one or more parent has the same condition.
Overcoming overweight and obesity in your own children means adapting the way you and your family eat and exercise and the way you spend time together. Ensuring that your children lead a healthy lifestyle begins with you, the parent, and leading by example.
Is Your Child Overweight or Obese?
Although you may think that your child is overweight or even obese, only a doctor should make that determination (calculating your child's body mass index, or BMI, can be a good indicator).
To determine BMI, the doctor divides the child's weight by his or her height squared, or wt/ht2. (Important: To use this formula for BMI, the child's weight and height measurements must be in kilograms and meters, respectively. If you use pounds and inches, multiply the result by the conversion factor 703.) This calculation helps the doctor determine whether the child's weight is appropriate for height.
Children ranking higher than the 97th percentile for age are considered obese. Kids with a BMI score between the 85th and 97th percentile are considered overweight or at risk for becoming obese (or extremely overweight). And children who fall between the 5th and 85th percentile are considered normal weight.
For example, a 13-year-old boy who's an average 5 feet, 3 inches tall would rank as follows:
* Above 141 pounds = obese
* 124 -141 pounds = overweight
* 88 - 123 pounds = normal weight
* Below 88 pounds = underweight
There are exceptions, of course, like for those who are very muscular (because extra muscle adds to a person's body weight - but not fatness). It's important to remember that BMI is usually a good indicator - but is not a direct measurement - of body fat.
If you're worried that your child or teen may be overweight, make an appointment with your family doctor to find out for sure. Your doctor will need to evaluate your child not only for obesity, but for the medical conditions that can be associated with obesity (see below).
Before adopting any kind of diet or weight-loss plan, talk to your child's doctor, who may refer you to a registered dietitian or a weight management program. Depending on the child's weight and age, the doctor or specialist may not emphasize immediate weight loss but may focus, instead, on decreasing the rate of weight gain as the child grows.
The Effects of Overweight and Obesity
Not only are overweight and obese children at risk for serious health conditions like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol - all once considered exclusively adult issues - they're also prone to low self-esteem that stems from being teased, bullied, or rejected by peers. Overweight children are often the last to be chosen as playmates, even as early as preschool. They may also be more likely than average-weight children to develop unhealthy dieting habits and eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia, and they may be more prone to depression, as well as substance abuse.
Being overweight or obese can be associated with medical conditions that affect a child's present and future health and have direct impact on quality of life:
* trouble with bones and joints
* shortness of breath that makes exercise, sports, or any physical activity more difficult and may
* aggravate the symptoms or increase the chances of developing asthma
* restless or disordered sleep patterns
* tendency to mature earlier (overweight kids may be taller and more sexually mature than their peers; overweight girls may enter puberty earlier, have irregular menstrual cycles, excessive body hair growth, and may experience potential fertility problems in adulthood)
* the presence of risk factors such as hypertension, lipid problems, insulin resistance, and type 2
* diabetes, which can lead to the early development of cardiovascular disease
* liver problems
* depression
Serious adult medical conditions like heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and certain cancers can have their roots in childhood. Preventing or treating obesity in children may reduce the risk of developing these conditions as they get older.
What Causes Obesity?
There are a number of factors that can cause obesity, either alone or together. If someone becomes overweight or obese, genetic factors, lifestyle habits, or both may be involved.
Much of what we eat is quick and easy - from fat-laden fast food to microwave and prepackaged meals. Daily schedules are so jam-packed that there's little time to prepare healthier meals or to squeeze in some exercise. Portion sizes, in the home and out, have drastically increased.
Plus, now, more than ever, life is sedentary - children spend more time playing with electronic devices, from computers to home video game systems, than actively playing outside. Television is a major culprit.
"We should be turning off the TV for every age," says Dr. Dorothy Anne Richmond, director of the Eating, Assessment and Treatment Clinic at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C. "More TV viewing is associated with being overweight."
In fact, kids younger than 8 spend an average of 2.5 hours watching TV or playing video games, and kids 8 and up spend 4.5 hours plopped in front of the TV or wriggling a joystick. In other words, once many kids get home from school, virtually all of their free time before dinner, doing homework, and getting ready for bed is spent in front of one screen or another!
And although physical education (PE) in schools can help kids get up and moving, more and more schools are cutting PE programs altogether or cutting down on the amount of time spent actually doing fitness-building physical activities. One study showed that gym classes offered third graders just 25 minutes of vigorous activity each week.
A greater reliance on "food fixes" to deal with emotions can also contribute to weight gain. Some people tend to eat more when they're feeling sad, stressed, or bored. Children will often pick up negative eating patterns from their parents. Certain endocrine problems, genetic syndromes, and medications can also be associated with excessive weight gain.
Genetics also plays a role - genes help determine how your body stores and burns fat just like they help determine other body traits. Because both genes and habits can be passed down from one generation to the next, multiple members of a family may struggle with weight.
People in the same family tend to have similar eating patterns, maintain the same levels of physical activity, and adopt the same attitudes toward being overweight. Studies have shown that a child's risk of obesity greatly increases if one or more parent is overweight or obese.
Overcoming Overweight and Obesity in Your Child
The key to keeping kids of all ages at a healthy weight is taking a whole-family approach. It's the "practice what you preach" mentality. Make eating and exercise a family affair. Have your children help you plan healthy meals and go grocery shopping, so they can learn how to make good food choices.
Lead by example. Watch less television and go for a walk with your children. Help them feel good about themselves and build their confidence. "Some activities are more prone to building self-esteem, like tae kwon do or other martial arts," Dr. Richardson suggests.
Avoid falling into some common food/eating behavior traps:
* Don't reward children for good behavior or try to stop bad behavior with sweets or treats. Come up with other solutions to modify their behavior.
* Don't maintain a clean-plate policy. Be aware of kids' hunger cues. Even babies who turn away from the bottle or breast send signals that they're full. If kids are satisfied, don't force them to continue eating. Reinforce the idea that they should only eat when they're hungry.
* Don't talk about "bad foods" or completely eliminate all sweets and favorite snacks from overweight children's diets. Children may rebel and overeat these forbidden foods outside the home or sneak them in on their own.
Here are some additional recommendations for children of all ages:
* Birth to age 1: Some doctors feel that breastfeeding instead of using formula may help prevent excessive weight gain because breastfed babies are more able to control their own intake and follow their own internal hunger cues. Also, limit the amount of extra sugar infants get, particularly in what they drink; instead of lots of juice, offer water when they're thirsty.
* Ages 2 to 6: Start good habits early. Limit children's TV time (better yet, leave the tube off) and increase their physical activity. Encourage children to eat healthy foods and only to eat when they're hungry. "Don't use food as a reward system," Dr. Richmond says. Make good foods fun and try to eat meals together as often as possible.
* Ages 7 to 12: Encourage children to be physically active every day, whether it's a pick-up game of soccer or playing in a community sports league. Keep your kids active at home, too, through everyday activities like walking and or playing in the yard. Even basic household chores like vacuuming, washing the car, and raking leaves burn calories.
* Ages 13 to 17: Teens like fast-food joints, but try to steer them toward healthier choices like grilled chicken sandwiches, salads, and smaller sizes. Encourage them to join a school sports team. If they don't feel very athletic, suggest a less competitive community program or alternative sport like skateboarding, inline skating, or mountain biking. Don't force any one sport or activity - help your children find what they enjoy and then support them in their efforts.
* All ages: Cut down on TV, computer, and video game time, and discourage eating while watching the tube. Try to include 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day in their diet, plan healthy snacks, and encourage kids to eat a nutritionally balanced breakfast every day.
Most of all, let your children know you love them - no matter what their weight - and that you want to help them be happy and healthy. If you, as a parent, eat well and exercise often and incorporate healthy habits into your family's daily life, you're modeling a healthy lifestyle for your children that could last into adulthood. Instead of constantly harping on kids to eat well and be active, make it a family affair that will become second nature for both you and your children.
Since the 1960s, the number of overweight kids and adolescents in the United States has nearly doubled. Today, 10% of 2- to 5-year-olds and more than 15% of children between the ages of 6 and 19 are overweight. And a whopping 31% of adults are also obese. Studies indicate that overweight and obese adolescents have up to an 80% chance of becoming overweight and obese adults, especially if one or more parent has the same condition.
Overcoming overweight and obesity in your own children means adapting the way you and your family eat and exercise and the way you spend time together. Ensuring that your children lead a healthy lifestyle begins with you, the parent, and leading by example.
Is Your Child Overweight or Obese?
Although you may think that your child is overweight or even obese, only a doctor should make that determination (calculating your child's body mass index, or BMI, can be a good indicator).
To determine BMI, the doctor divides the child's weight by his or her height squared, or wt/ht2. (Important: To use this formula for BMI, the child's weight and height measurements must be in kilograms and meters, respectively. If you use pounds and inches, multiply the result by the conversion factor 703.) This calculation helps the doctor determine whether the child's weight is appropriate for height.
Children ranking higher than the 97th percentile for age are considered obese. Kids with a BMI score between the 85th and 97th percentile are considered overweight or at risk for becoming obese (or extremely overweight). And children who fall between the 5th and 85th percentile are considered normal weight.
For example, a 13-year-old boy who's an average 5 feet, 3 inches tall would rank as follows:
* Above 141 pounds = obese
* 124 -141 pounds = overweight
* 88 - 123 pounds = normal weight
* Below 88 pounds = underweight
There are exceptions, of course, like for those who are very muscular (because extra muscle adds to a person's body weight - but not fatness). It's important to remember that BMI is usually a good indicator - but is not a direct measurement - of body fat.
If you're worried that your child or teen may be overweight, make an appointment with your family doctor to find out for sure. Your doctor will need to evaluate your child not only for obesity, but for the medical conditions that can be associated with obesity (see below).
Before adopting any kind of diet or weight-loss plan, talk to your child's doctor, who may refer you to a registered dietitian or a weight management program. Depending on the child's weight and age, the doctor or specialist may not emphasize immediate weight loss but may focus, instead, on decreasing the rate of weight gain as the child grows.
The Effects of Overweight and Obesity
Not only are overweight and obese children at risk for serious health conditions like type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol - all once considered exclusively adult issues - they're also prone to low self-esteem that stems from being teased, bullied, or rejected by peers. Overweight children are often the last to be chosen as playmates, even as early as preschool. They may also be more likely than average-weight children to develop unhealthy dieting habits and eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia, and they may be more prone to depression, as well as substance abuse.
Being overweight or obese can be associated with medical conditions that affect a child's present and future health and have direct impact on quality of life:
* trouble with bones and joints
* shortness of breath that makes exercise, sports, or any physical activity more difficult and may
* aggravate the symptoms or increase the chances of developing asthma
* restless or disordered sleep patterns
* tendency to mature earlier (overweight kids may be taller and more sexually mature than their peers; overweight girls may enter puberty earlier, have irregular menstrual cycles, excessive body hair growth, and may experience potential fertility problems in adulthood)
* the presence of risk factors such as hypertension, lipid problems, insulin resistance, and type 2
* diabetes, which can lead to the early development of cardiovascular disease
* liver problems
* depression
Serious adult medical conditions like heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and certain cancers can have their roots in childhood. Preventing or treating obesity in children may reduce the risk of developing these conditions as they get older.
What Causes Obesity?
There are a number of factors that can cause obesity, either alone or together. If someone becomes overweight or obese, genetic factors, lifestyle habits, or both may be involved.
Much of what we eat is quick and easy - from fat-laden fast food to microwave and prepackaged meals. Daily schedules are so jam-packed that there's little time to prepare healthier meals or to squeeze in some exercise. Portion sizes, in the home and out, have drastically increased.
Plus, now, more than ever, life is sedentary - children spend more time playing with electronic devices, from computers to home video game systems, than actively playing outside. Television is a major culprit.
"We should be turning off the TV for every age," says Dr. Dorothy Anne Richmond, director of the Eating, Assessment and Treatment Clinic at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C. "More TV viewing is associated with being overweight."
In fact, kids younger than 8 spend an average of 2.5 hours watching TV or playing video games, and kids 8 and up spend 4.5 hours plopped in front of the TV or wriggling a joystick. In other words, once many kids get home from school, virtually all of their free time before dinner, doing homework, and getting ready for bed is spent in front of one screen or another!
And although physical education (PE) in schools can help kids get up and moving, more and more schools are cutting PE programs altogether or cutting down on the amount of time spent actually doing fitness-building physical activities. One study showed that gym classes offered third graders just 25 minutes of vigorous activity each week.
A greater reliance on "food fixes" to deal with emotions can also contribute to weight gain. Some people tend to eat more when they're feeling sad, stressed, or bored. Children will often pick up negative eating patterns from their parents. Certain endocrine problems, genetic syndromes, and medications can also be associated with excessive weight gain.
Genetics also plays a role - genes help determine how your body stores and burns fat just like they help determine other body traits. Because both genes and habits can be passed down from one generation to the next, multiple members of a family may struggle with weight.
People in the same family tend to have similar eating patterns, maintain the same levels of physical activity, and adopt the same attitudes toward being overweight. Studies have shown that a child's risk of obesity greatly increases if one or more parent is overweight or obese.
Overcoming Overweight and Obesity in Your Child
The key to keeping kids of all ages at a healthy weight is taking a whole-family approach. It's the "practice what you preach" mentality. Make eating and exercise a family affair. Have your children help you plan healthy meals and go grocery shopping, so they can learn how to make good food choices.
Lead by example. Watch less television and go for a walk with your children. Help them feel good about themselves and build their confidence. "Some activities are more prone to building self-esteem, like tae kwon do or other martial arts," Dr. Richardson suggests.
Avoid falling into some common food/eating behavior traps:
* Don't reward children for good behavior or try to stop bad behavior with sweets or treats. Come up with other solutions to modify their behavior.
* Don't maintain a clean-plate policy. Be aware of kids' hunger cues. Even babies who turn away from the bottle or breast send signals that they're full. If kids are satisfied, don't force them to continue eating. Reinforce the idea that they should only eat when they're hungry.
* Don't talk about "bad foods" or completely eliminate all sweets and favorite snacks from overweight children's diets. Children may rebel and overeat these forbidden foods outside the home or sneak them in on their own.
Here are some additional recommendations for children of all ages:
* Birth to age 1: Some doctors feel that breastfeeding instead of using formula may help prevent excessive weight gain because breastfed babies are more able to control their own intake and follow their own internal hunger cues. Also, limit the amount of extra sugar infants get, particularly in what they drink; instead of lots of juice, offer water when they're thirsty.
* Ages 2 to 6: Start good habits early. Limit children's TV time (better yet, leave the tube off) and increase their physical activity. Encourage children to eat healthy foods and only to eat when they're hungry. "Don't use food as a reward system," Dr. Richmond says. Make good foods fun and try to eat meals together as often as possible.
* Ages 7 to 12: Encourage children to be physically active every day, whether it's a pick-up game of soccer or playing in a community sports league. Keep your kids active at home, too, through everyday activities like walking and or playing in the yard. Even basic household chores like vacuuming, washing the car, and raking leaves burn calories.
* Ages 13 to 17: Teens like fast-food joints, but try to steer them toward healthier choices like grilled chicken sandwiches, salads, and smaller sizes. Encourage them to join a school sports team. If they don't feel very athletic, suggest a less competitive community program or alternative sport like skateboarding, inline skating, or mountain biking. Don't force any one sport or activity - help your children find what they enjoy and then support them in their efforts.
* All ages: Cut down on TV, computer, and video game time, and discourage eating while watching the tube. Try to include 5 servings of fruits and vegetables a day in their diet, plan healthy snacks, and encourage kids to eat a nutritionally balanced breakfast every day.
Most of all, let your children know you love them - no matter what their weight - and that you want to help them be happy and healthy. If you, as a parent, eat well and exercise often and incorporate healthy habits into your family's daily life, you're modeling a healthy lifestyle for your children that could last into adulthood. Instead of constantly harping on kids to eat well and be active, make it a family affair that will become second nature for both you and your children.
Saturday, July 7, 2007
travel by air -- health considerations
The volume of air traffic has risen steeply in recent years and the number of long distance flights has greatly increased. With modern long range aircraft the need for “stop-overs” has been reduced so the duration of flights has also increased. The passenger capacity of long distance aircraft is also increasing, so larger numbers of people travel aboard a single aircraft. “Frequent flyers” now form a
substantial proportion of the travelling public. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, the annual number of flight passengers exceeded 1647 million in 2000 and although the numbers dropped the following years because of security concerns and the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), numbers are again rising and are forecasted to grow by 4.4 per cent annually until 2015.
Air travel, in particular over long distances, exposes passengers to a number of factors that may have an effect on their health and well-being. Passengers with pre-existing health problems are more likely to be affected and should consult their doctor or a travel medicine clinic in good time before travelling. Those receiving medical care and intending to travel by air in the near future should tell their medical adviser.
Health risks associated with air travel can be minimized if the traveller plans carefully and takes some simple precautions before, during, and after the flight. An explanation of the various factors that may affect the health and well-being of air travellers follows.
Cabin air pressure
Although aircraft cabins are pressurized, cabin air pressure at cruising altitude is lower than air pressure at sea level. At typical cruising altitudes in the range 11 000–12 200 metres (36 000–40 000 feet) air pressure in the cabin is equivalent to the outside air pressure at 1800–2400 metres (6000–8000 feet) above sea level. As a consequence, less oxygen is taken up by the blood (hypoxia) and gases within the body expand. The effects of reduced cabin air pressure are usually well tolerated by healthy passengers.
Oxygen and hypoxia
Cabin air contains ample oxygen for healthy passengers and crew. However, because cabin air pressure is relatively low, the amount of oxygen carried in the blood is reduced compared to sea level. Passengers with certain medical conditions, in particular heart and lung disease, and blood disorders such as anaemia, may not tolerate this reduced oxygen level (hypoxia) very well. Such passengers are usually able to travel safely if arrangements are made with the airline for the provision of an additional oxygen supply during flight.
Gas expansion
As the aircraft climbs, the decreasing cabin air pressure causes gases to expand. Similarly, as the aircraft descends, the increasing pressure in the cabin causes gases to contract. These changes may have effects where gas is trapped in the body.
Gas expansion during the climb causes air to escape from the middle ear and the sinuses, usually without causing problems. This airflow can sometimes be perceived as a “popping” sensation in the ears. As the aircraft descends, air must flow back into the middle ear and sinuses in order to equalize pressure differences. If this does not take place, the ears or sinuses may feel as if they were blocked and, if the pressure is not relieved, pain can result. Swallowing, chewing, or yawning (‘clearing the ears’) will usually relieve any discomfort. If the problem persists, a short forceful expiration against a pinched nose and closed mouth (Valsalva manoeuvre) will usually help. For infants, feeding or giving a pacifier (dummy) to stimulate swallowing may reduce the symptoms.
Individuals with ear, nose, and sinus infections should avoid flying because pain and injury may result from the inability to equalize pressure differences. If travel cannot be avoided, the use of decongestant nasal drops shortly before the flight and again before descent may be helpful.
As the aircraft climbs, expansion of gas in the abdomen can cause discomfort, although this is usually mild.
Some forms of surgery, other medical treatments, or diagnostic tests, may introduce air or other gas into a body cavity. Examples include abdominal surgery or eye treatment for a detached retina. Passengers who have recently undergone such a procedure should ask a travel medicine physician or their treating physicianhow long they should wait before undertaking air travel.
Cabin humidity and dehydration
The humidity in aircraft cabins is low, usually less than 20% (humidity in the home is normally over 30%). Low humidity may cause skin dryness and discomfort of the eyes, mouth, nose and exposed skin but presents no risk to health. Using a skin moisturizing lotion, saline nasal spray to moisturize the nasal passages, and wearing spectacles rather than contact lenses can relieve or prevent discomfort. The low humidity does not cause dehydration and there is no need to drink extra water.
Ozone
Ozone is a form of oxygen (with three, rather than two, atoms to the molecule) that occurs in the upper atmosphere and may enter the aircraft cabin together with the fresh air supply. In older aircraft, it was found that the levels of ozone in cabin air could sometimes lead to irritation of the lungs, eyes and nasal tissues. Ozone is broken down by heat and most ozone is removed by the compressors (in the aircraft engines) that provide pressurized air for the cabin. In addition, most modern long-haul jet aircraft are fitted with equipment (catalytic converters) that breaks down any remaining ozone.
Cosmic radiation
Cosmic radiation is made up of radiation that comes from the sun and from outer space. The earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field are natural shields and therefore cosmic radiation levels are lower at lower altitudes. Cosmic radiation is more intense over polar regions than over the equator because of the shape of the earth’s magnetic field and the “flattening” of the atmosphere over the poles. The population is continually exposed to natural background radiation from soil, rock and building materials as well as from cosmic radiation that reaches the earth’s surface. Although cosmic radiation levels are higher at aircraft cruising altitudes than at sea level, research so far has not shown any significant health effects for either passengers or crew.
Motion sickness
Except in the case of severe turbulence, travellers by air rarely suffer from motion (travel) sickness. Those who do suffer should request a seat in the mid-section of the cabin where movements are less pronounced, and keep the motion sickness bag, provided at each seat, readily accessible. They should also consult their doctor or travel medicine physician about medication that can be taken before
flight to help prevent problems.
Immobility, circulatory problems and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Contraction of muscles is an important factor in helping to keep blood flowing through the veins, particularly in the legs. Prolonged immobility, especially when seated, can lead to pooling of blood in the legs, which in turn may cause swelling, stiffness, and discomfort.
It is known that immobility is one of the factors that may lead to the development of a blood clot in a deep vein, so-called “deep vein thrombosis”, or DVT. Research has shown that DVT can occur as a result of prolonged immobility, for instance during long distance travel, whether by car, bus, train or air. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set up a major research study to find out if there are any factors that might lead to the risk of DVT being higher for air travel than for other causes of immobility.
In most cases of DVT, the clots are small and do not cause any symptoms. The body is able to gradually break down the clot and there are no long-term effects. Larger clots may cause symptoms such as swelling of the leg, tenderness, soreness and pain. Occasionally a piece of the clot may break off and travel with the bloodstream to become lodged in the lungs. This is known as pulmonary
embolism and may cause chest pain, shortness of breath and, in severe cases, sudden death. This can occur many hours or even days after the formation of the clot.
The risk of developing DVT when travelling is very small unless one or more other risk factors are present. These include:
* Previous DVT or pulmonary embolism
* History of DVT or pulmonary embolism in a close family member
* Use of oestrogen therapy–oral contraceptives (“the Pill”) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
* Pregnancy
* Recent surgery or trauma, particularly to the abdomen, pelvic region or legs
* Cancer
* Some inherited blood-clotting abnormalities.
It is advisable for people with one or more of these risk factors to seek specific medical advice from their doctor or a travel medicine clinic in good time before embarking on a flight of three or more hours.
DVT occurs more commonly in older people. Some researchers have suggested that there may be a risk from smoking, obesity and varicose veins.
Precautions
The risk of a passenger who does not have any of the risk factors above developing DVT as a consequence of flying is small and the benefits of most precautionary measures in such passengers are unproven and some might even result in harm. Some common-sense advice for such passengers is given below.
Moving around the cabin during long flights will help to reduce any period of prolonged immobility. However, this may not always be possible and any potential health benefits must be balanced against the risk of injury that could occur if the aircraft encounters sudden and unexpected turbulence. A sensible compromise is to walk around in the cabin, e.g. go to the bathroom, once every 2–3 hours. Many airlines also provide helpful advice on exercises that can be carried out in the seat during flight. It is thought that exercise of the calf muscles can stimulate the circulation, reduce discomfort, fatigue and stiffness, and it may reduce the risk of developing DVT. Hand luggage should not be placed where it restricts movement of the legs and feet, and clothing should be loose and comfortable.
Wearing properly fitted graduated compression stockings may be helpful. These compress the calf muscles and improve the flow of blood in the deep veins. They may also help prevent the swollen ankles that are quite common on long flights. However, they need to be the correct size to be effective and passengers should therefore ask their doctor or a travel medicine clinic which type would be
appropriate for them.
In view of the clear risk of significant side effects and absence of clear evidence of benefit, passengers are advised not to use aspirin just for the prevention of travel-related DVT.
Those travellers who are at most risk of developing DVT may be prescribed specific treatments, such as injections of heparin. Cabin crew are not trained to give injections and travellers who have been prescribed these must either be taught to give the injections themselves or make other arrangements to have them given by a qualified person.
Diving
Divers should not fly too soon after diving because of the risk that the reduced cabin pressure may lead to decompression sickness (the bends). It is recommended that they do not fly until at least 12 hours after their last dive and this period should be extended to 24 hours after multiple dives or after diving that requires decompression stops during ascent to the surface. Passengers undertaking
recreational diving before flying should seek specialist advice from diving schools.
Jet lag
Jet lag is the term used for the symptoms caused by the disruption of the body’s internal clock and the approximate 24-hour (circadian) rhythms it controls. Disruption occurs when crossing multiple time zones i.e. when flying east to west or west to east. Jet lag may lead to indigestion and disturbance of bowel function, general malaise, daytime sleepiness, difficulty in sleeping at night, and reduced physical and mental performance. Its effects are often combined with tiredness due to the journey itself. Jet lag symptoms gradually wear off as the body adapts to the new time zone.
Jet lag cannot be prevented but there are some ways to reduce its effects (see below). Travellers who take medication according to a strict timetable (e.g. insulin, oral contraceptives) should seek medical advice from their doctor or a travel medicine clinic before their journey.
General measures to reduce the effects of jet lag
* Be as well rested as possible before departure, and rest during the flight. Short naps can be helpful.
* Eat light meals and limit consumption of alcohol. Alcohol increases urine output which can result in disturbed sleep by causing awakenings in order to urinate. Whilst it can accelerate sleep onset, it reduces sleep quality, making sleep less recuperative. The after effects of alcohol (hangover) can exacerbate the effects of jet lag and travel fatigue. Alcohol should therefore be consumed in moderation, if at all, before and during flight. Caffeine should be limited to normal amounts and avoided within a few hours of an anticipated period of sleep.
* Try to create the right conditions when preparing for sleep. When taking a nap during the day, eyeshades and earplugs may help. Regular exercise during the day may help to promote sleep, but avoid strenuous exercise immediately before sleep.
* At the destination, try to get as much sleep in every 24 hours as normal. A minimum block of 4 hours sleep during the local night – known as “anchor sleep” – is thought to be necessary to allow the body’s internal clock to adapt to the new time zone. If possible, make up the total sleep time by taking naps at times when feeling sleepy during the day.
* The cycle of light and dark is one of the most important factors in setting the body’s internal clock. Exposure to daylight at the destination will usually help adaptation.
* Short-acting sleeping pills may be helpful. They should be used only in accordance with medical advice and should not normally be taken during the flight, as they may increase immobility and therefore the risk of developing DVT.
* Melatonin is available in some countries and can be used to help resynchronize the body’s internal clock. It is normally sold as a food supplement and therefore is not subject to the same strict control as medications (for example, it has not been approved for use as a medication in the United States, but can be sold as a food supplement). The timing and effective dosage of melatonin have not been fully evaluated and its side effects, particularly if used long term, are unknown. In addition, manufacturing methods are not standardised and therefore the dose in each tablet can be very variable and some harmful compounds may be present. For these reasons, melatonin cannot be recommended.
* It is not always appropriate to adjust to local time for short trips of 2–3 days or less. If in doubt, seek specialist travel medicine advice.
* Individuals react in different ways to time zone changes. Frequent flyers should learn how their own body responds and adopt habits accordingly. Advice from a travel medicine clinic may be beneficial in determining an effective coping strategy.
Psychological aspects
Travel by air is not a natural activity for humans and many people experience some degree of psychological difficulty when flying. The main problems encountered are stress and fear of flying. These may occur together or separately at different times before and during the period of travel.
Stress
All forms of travel generate stress. Flying can be particularly stressful because it often involves a long journey to the airport, curtailed sleep and the need to walk long distances in the terminal building. Most passengers find their own ways of coping, but passengers who find air travel particularly stressful should seek medical advice in good time. Good planning (passports, tickets, medication, etc) and allowing plenty of time to get to the airport helps relieve stress.
Flight phobia (fear of flying)
Fear of flying may range from feeling slightly anxious to being unable to travel by air at all. It can lead to problems at work and leisure.
Travellers who want to travel by air but are unable to do so because of their fear of flying should seek medical advice before the journey. Medication may be useful in some cases but the use of alcohol “to steady the nerves” is not helpful and may be dangerous if combined with some medicines. For a longer-term solution, travellers should seek specialized treatment to reduce the psychological difficulties associated with air travel. There are many courses available that aim to reduce or cure, fear of flying. These typically include advice on how to cope with the symptoms of fear, information about how an aircraft flies, how controls are operated during a flight and, in most cases, a short flight.
Air rage
In recent years, air rage has been recognized as a form of disruptive behaviour associated with air travel. It appears to be linked to high levels of general stress but not specifically to flight phobia. It is frequently preceded by excessive consumption of alcohol.
Travellers with medical conditions or special needs
Airlines have the right to refuse to carry passengers with conditions that may worsen, or have serious consequences, during the flight. Airlines may require medical clearance from their medical department/adviser if there is an indication that a passenger could be suffering from any disease or physical or mental condition that:
* May be considered a potential hazard to the safety of the aircraft
* Adversely affects the welfare and comfort of the other passengers and/or crew members
* Requires medical attention and/or special equipment during the flight
* May be aggravated by the flight.
If cabin crew suspect before departure that a passenger may be ill, the aircraft’s captain will be informed and a decision taken as to whether the passenger is fit to travel, needs medical attention, or presents a danger to other passengers and crew or to the safety of the aircraft.
Although this chapter provides some general guidelines on conditions that may require medical clearance in advance, airline policies do vary and the requirements should always be checked at the time of, or prior to, booking the flight. A good place to find information is often the airline’s own web site.
Infants
Air travel is not recommended for infants less than seven days old. If travel is absolutely necessary for babies who are over seven days, but were born prematurely, medical advice should be sought in each case. Changes in cabin air pressure may upset infants; this can be helped by feeding or giving a pacifier to stimulate swallowing.
Pregnant women
Pregnant women can normally travel safely by air, but most airlines restrict travel in late pregnancy. Typical guidelines for those who have an uncomplicated pregnancy are:
* after the 28th week of pregnancy a letter from a doctor or midwife should be carried, confirming the expected date of delivery and that the pregnancy is normal
* for single pregnancies, flying is permitted up to the end of the 36th week
* for multiple pregnancies, flying is permitted up to the end of the 32nd week.
Pre-existing illness
Most people with medical conditions are able to travel safely by air, provided that necessary precautions, such as the need for additional oxygen supply, are considered in advance.
Those who have underlying health problems such as cancer, heart or lung disease, anaemia, diabetes, are on any form of regular medication or treatment, have recently had surgery or have been in hospital, or who are concerned about their fitness to travel for any other reason, should consult their doctor or a travel medicine clinic before deciding to travel by air.
Medication that may be required during the journey, or soon after arrival, should be carried in the hand luggage. It is also advisable to carry a copy of the prescription in case the medication is lost, additional supplies are needed or security checks require proof of purpose.
Frequent travellers with medical conditions
Frequent travellers who have a permanent and stable underlying health problem may obtain a frequent traveller’s medical card from the medical or reservation department of many airlines. This card is accepted, under specified conditions, as proof of medical clearance and for identification of the holder’s medical condition.
Security Issues
Security checks can cause concerns for travellers who have been fitted with metal devices such as artificial joints, pacemakers or internal automatic defibrillators. Some pacemakers may be affected by modern security screening equipment and travellers with these should carry a letter from their doctor. Travellers who need to carry other medical equipment in their hand luggage, particularly sharp items
such as hypodermic needles, should also carry a letter from their doctor.
Smokers
Almost all airlines now ban smoking on board. Some smokers may find this stressful, particularly during long flights, and should discuss this with their doctor before travelling. Nicotine replacement patches or chewing gum containing nicotine may be helpful during the flight and the use of other medication or techniques may also be considered.
Travellers with disabilities
A physical disability is not usually a contraindication for travel. Passengers who are unable to look after their own needs during the flight (including use of the toilet and transfer from wheelchair to seat and vice versa) will need to be accompanied by an escort able to provide all necessary assistance.
The cabin crew are generally not permitted to provide such assistance and a traveller who requires it and does not have a suitable escort may not be permitted to travel. Travellers confined to wheelchairs should be advised against deliberately restricting their fluid intake before or during travel as a means of avoiding use of toilets during flights as this might detrimentally affect their general health.
Airlines have regulations on conditions of travel for passengers with disabilities. Disabled passengers should contact the airline in advance of their travel for guidance (the airline’s own web site often gives useful information).
Communicable diseases
Research has shown that there is very little risk of any infectious disease being transmitted on board the aircraft.
The quality of aircraft cabin air is carefully controlled. Ventilation rates provide a total change of air 20–30 times per hour. Most modern aircraft have recirculation systems, which recycle up to 50% of cabin air. The recirculated air is usually passed through HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filters, of the type used in hospital operating theatres and intensive care units, which trap particles, bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Transmission of infection may occur between passengers who are seated in the same area of an aircraft, usually as a result of the infected person coughing or sneezing or by touch (direct contact or contact with the same parts of the aircraft cabin and furnishings that other passengers touch). This is no different from any other situation where people are close to each other, such as on a train, bus or at
a theatre. Highly infectious conditions, such as influenza, are more likely to be spread to other passengers in situations when the aircraft ventilation system is not operating. A small auxiliary power unit is normally used to provide ventilation when the aircraft is on the ground, before the main engines are started, but occasionally this is not operated for environmental (noise) or technical reasons.
In such cases, when associated with a prolonged delay, passengers may be temporarily disembarked.
In order to minimise the risk of passing on infections, passengers who are unwell, particularly if they have a fever, should delay their journey until they have recovered. Airlines may deny boarding to passengers who appear to be infected with a communicable disease.
Aircraft disinsection
Many countries require disinsection of aircraft (to kill insects) arriving from countries where diseases that are spread by insects, such as malaria and yellow fever, occur. There have been a number of cases of malaria affecting individuals who live or work in the vicinity of airports in countries where malaria is not present, thought to be due to the escape of malaria-carrying mosquitoes transported on aircraft. Some countries, e.g. Australia and New Zealand, routinely require disinsection be carried out in order to prevent inadvertent introduction of species that may harm their agriculture.
Disinsection is a public health measure that is mandated by the current International Health Regulations (see Annex 3). It involves treatment of the interior of the aircraft with insecticides specified by WHO. The different procedures currently in use are as follows:
* treatment of the interior of the aircraft using a quick-acting insecticide spray immediately before take-off, with the passengers on board;
* treatment of the interior of the aircraft on the ground before passengers come on board, using a residual insecticide aerosol, plus additional inflight treatment with a quick-acting spray shortly before landing;
* regular application of a residual insecticide to all internal surfaces of the aircraft, except those in food preparation areas.
Travellers are sometimes concerned about their exposure to insecticide sprays while travelling by air. Some people have reported that they feel unwell after spraying of aircraft for disinsection. However, WHO has found no evidence that the specified insecticide sprays are harmful to human health when used as prescribed.
Medical assistance on board
Airlines are required to provide minimum levels of medical equipment on aircraft and to train all cabin crew in first aid. The equipment carried varies, with many airlines carrying more than the minimum level of equipment required by the regulations. Equipment carried on a typical international flight would include:
* one or more first-aid kits, to be used by the crew;
* a medical kit, normally to be used by a doctor or other qualified person, to treat in-flight medical emergencies;
* an automated external defibrillator (AED) to be used by the crew in case of cardiac arrest.
Cabin crew are trained in the use of first-aid equipment and in carrying out first-aid and resuscitation procedures. They are usually also trained to recognize a range of medical conditions that may cause emergencies on board and to act appropriately to manage these.
In addition, many airlines have facilities to enable crew to contact a medical expert at a ground-based response centre for advice on how to manage in-flight medical emergencies.
Contraindications to air travel
Travel by air is normally contraindicated in the following cases:
* Infants less than 7 days old;
* Women after the 36th week of pregnancy (after 32nd week for multiple pregnancies) and until seven days after delivery;
* Those suffering from:
o angina pectoris or chest pain at rest
o any serious or acute infectious disease
o decompression sickness after diving
o increased intracranial pressure due to haemorrhage, trauma or infection
o infections of the sinuses or infections of the ear and nose, particularly if the Eustachian tube is blocked
o recent myocardial infarction and stroke (time period depending on severity of illness and duration of travel)
o recent surgery or injury where trapped air or gas may be present, especially abdominal trauma and gastrointestinal surgery, cranio-facial and ocular injuries, brain operations, and eye operations involving penetration of the eyeball
o severe chronic respiratory disease, breathlessness at rest, or unresolved pneumothorax
o sickle-cell disease
o psychotic illness, except when fully controlled.
substantial proportion of the travelling public. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, the annual number of flight passengers exceeded 1647 million in 2000 and although the numbers dropped the following years because of security concerns and the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), numbers are again rising and are forecasted to grow by 4.4 per cent annually until 2015.
Air travel, in particular over long distances, exposes passengers to a number of factors that may have an effect on their health and well-being. Passengers with pre-existing health problems are more likely to be affected and should consult their doctor or a travel medicine clinic in good time before travelling. Those receiving medical care and intending to travel by air in the near future should tell their medical adviser.
Health risks associated with air travel can be minimized if the traveller plans carefully and takes some simple precautions before, during, and after the flight. An explanation of the various factors that may affect the health and well-being of air travellers follows.
Cabin air pressure
Although aircraft cabins are pressurized, cabin air pressure at cruising altitude is lower than air pressure at sea level. At typical cruising altitudes in the range 11 000–12 200 metres (36 000–40 000 feet) air pressure in the cabin is equivalent to the outside air pressure at 1800–2400 metres (6000–8000 feet) above sea level. As a consequence, less oxygen is taken up by the blood (hypoxia) and gases within the body expand. The effects of reduced cabin air pressure are usually well tolerated by healthy passengers.
Oxygen and hypoxia
Cabin air contains ample oxygen for healthy passengers and crew. However, because cabin air pressure is relatively low, the amount of oxygen carried in the blood is reduced compared to sea level. Passengers with certain medical conditions, in particular heart and lung disease, and blood disorders such as anaemia, may not tolerate this reduced oxygen level (hypoxia) very well. Such passengers are usually able to travel safely if arrangements are made with the airline for the provision of an additional oxygen supply during flight.
Gas expansion
As the aircraft climbs, the decreasing cabin air pressure causes gases to expand. Similarly, as the aircraft descends, the increasing pressure in the cabin causes gases to contract. These changes may have effects where gas is trapped in the body.
Gas expansion during the climb causes air to escape from the middle ear and the sinuses, usually without causing problems. This airflow can sometimes be perceived as a “popping” sensation in the ears. As the aircraft descends, air must flow back into the middle ear and sinuses in order to equalize pressure differences. If this does not take place, the ears or sinuses may feel as if they were blocked and, if the pressure is not relieved, pain can result. Swallowing, chewing, or yawning (‘clearing the ears’) will usually relieve any discomfort. If the problem persists, a short forceful expiration against a pinched nose and closed mouth (Valsalva manoeuvre) will usually help. For infants, feeding or giving a pacifier (dummy) to stimulate swallowing may reduce the symptoms.
Individuals with ear, nose, and sinus infections should avoid flying because pain and injury may result from the inability to equalize pressure differences. If travel cannot be avoided, the use of decongestant nasal drops shortly before the flight and again before descent may be helpful.
As the aircraft climbs, expansion of gas in the abdomen can cause discomfort, although this is usually mild.
Some forms of surgery, other medical treatments, or diagnostic tests, may introduce air or other gas into a body cavity. Examples include abdominal surgery or eye treatment for a detached retina. Passengers who have recently undergone such a procedure should ask a travel medicine physician or their treating physicianhow long they should wait before undertaking air travel.
Cabin humidity and dehydration
The humidity in aircraft cabins is low, usually less than 20% (humidity in the home is normally over 30%). Low humidity may cause skin dryness and discomfort of the eyes, mouth, nose and exposed skin but presents no risk to health. Using a skin moisturizing lotion, saline nasal spray to moisturize the nasal passages, and wearing spectacles rather than contact lenses can relieve or prevent discomfort. The low humidity does not cause dehydration and there is no need to drink extra water.
Ozone
Ozone is a form of oxygen (with three, rather than two, atoms to the molecule) that occurs in the upper atmosphere and may enter the aircraft cabin together with the fresh air supply. In older aircraft, it was found that the levels of ozone in cabin air could sometimes lead to irritation of the lungs, eyes and nasal tissues. Ozone is broken down by heat and most ozone is removed by the compressors (in the aircraft engines) that provide pressurized air for the cabin. In addition, most modern long-haul jet aircraft are fitted with equipment (catalytic converters) that breaks down any remaining ozone.
Cosmic radiation
Cosmic radiation is made up of radiation that comes from the sun and from outer space. The earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field are natural shields and therefore cosmic radiation levels are lower at lower altitudes. Cosmic radiation is more intense over polar regions than over the equator because of the shape of the earth’s magnetic field and the “flattening” of the atmosphere over the poles. The population is continually exposed to natural background radiation from soil, rock and building materials as well as from cosmic radiation that reaches the earth’s surface. Although cosmic radiation levels are higher at aircraft cruising altitudes than at sea level, research so far has not shown any significant health effects for either passengers or crew.
Motion sickness
Except in the case of severe turbulence, travellers by air rarely suffer from motion (travel) sickness. Those who do suffer should request a seat in the mid-section of the cabin where movements are less pronounced, and keep the motion sickness bag, provided at each seat, readily accessible. They should also consult their doctor or travel medicine physician about medication that can be taken before
flight to help prevent problems.
Immobility, circulatory problems and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Contraction of muscles is an important factor in helping to keep blood flowing through the veins, particularly in the legs. Prolonged immobility, especially when seated, can lead to pooling of blood in the legs, which in turn may cause swelling, stiffness, and discomfort.
It is known that immobility is one of the factors that may lead to the development of a blood clot in a deep vein, so-called “deep vein thrombosis”, or DVT. Research has shown that DVT can occur as a result of prolonged immobility, for instance during long distance travel, whether by car, bus, train or air. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set up a major research study to find out if there are any factors that might lead to the risk of DVT being higher for air travel than for other causes of immobility.
In most cases of DVT, the clots are small and do not cause any symptoms. The body is able to gradually break down the clot and there are no long-term effects. Larger clots may cause symptoms such as swelling of the leg, tenderness, soreness and pain. Occasionally a piece of the clot may break off and travel with the bloodstream to become lodged in the lungs. This is known as pulmonary
embolism and may cause chest pain, shortness of breath and, in severe cases, sudden death. This can occur many hours or even days after the formation of the clot.
The risk of developing DVT when travelling is very small unless one or more other risk factors are present. These include:
* Previous DVT or pulmonary embolism
* History of DVT or pulmonary embolism in a close family member
* Use of oestrogen therapy–oral contraceptives (“the Pill”) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
* Pregnancy
* Recent surgery or trauma, particularly to the abdomen, pelvic region or legs
* Cancer
* Some inherited blood-clotting abnormalities.
It is advisable for people with one or more of these risk factors to seek specific medical advice from their doctor or a travel medicine clinic in good time before embarking on a flight of three or more hours.
DVT occurs more commonly in older people. Some researchers have suggested that there may be a risk from smoking, obesity and varicose veins.
Precautions
The risk of a passenger who does not have any of the risk factors above developing DVT as a consequence of flying is small and the benefits of most precautionary measures in such passengers are unproven and some might even result in harm. Some common-sense advice for such passengers is given below.
Moving around the cabin during long flights will help to reduce any period of prolonged immobility. However, this may not always be possible and any potential health benefits must be balanced against the risk of injury that could occur if the aircraft encounters sudden and unexpected turbulence. A sensible compromise is to walk around in the cabin, e.g. go to the bathroom, once every 2–3 hours. Many airlines also provide helpful advice on exercises that can be carried out in the seat during flight. It is thought that exercise of the calf muscles can stimulate the circulation, reduce discomfort, fatigue and stiffness, and it may reduce the risk of developing DVT. Hand luggage should not be placed where it restricts movement of the legs and feet, and clothing should be loose and comfortable.
Wearing properly fitted graduated compression stockings may be helpful. These compress the calf muscles and improve the flow of blood in the deep veins. They may also help prevent the swollen ankles that are quite common on long flights. However, they need to be the correct size to be effective and passengers should therefore ask their doctor or a travel medicine clinic which type would be
appropriate for them.
In view of the clear risk of significant side effects and absence of clear evidence of benefit, passengers are advised not to use aspirin just for the prevention of travel-related DVT.
Those travellers who are at most risk of developing DVT may be prescribed specific treatments, such as injections of heparin. Cabin crew are not trained to give injections and travellers who have been prescribed these must either be taught to give the injections themselves or make other arrangements to have them given by a qualified person.
Diving
Divers should not fly too soon after diving because of the risk that the reduced cabin pressure may lead to decompression sickness (the bends). It is recommended that they do not fly until at least 12 hours after their last dive and this period should be extended to 24 hours after multiple dives or after diving that requires decompression stops during ascent to the surface. Passengers undertaking
recreational diving before flying should seek specialist advice from diving schools.
Jet lag
Jet lag is the term used for the symptoms caused by the disruption of the body’s internal clock and the approximate 24-hour (circadian) rhythms it controls. Disruption occurs when crossing multiple time zones i.e. when flying east to west or west to east. Jet lag may lead to indigestion and disturbance of bowel function, general malaise, daytime sleepiness, difficulty in sleeping at night, and reduced physical and mental performance. Its effects are often combined with tiredness due to the journey itself. Jet lag symptoms gradually wear off as the body adapts to the new time zone.
Jet lag cannot be prevented but there are some ways to reduce its effects (see below). Travellers who take medication according to a strict timetable (e.g. insulin, oral contraceptives) should seek medical advice from their doctor or a travel medicine clinic before their journey.
General measures to reduce the effects of jet lag
* Be as well rested as possible before departure, and rest during the flight. Short naps can be helpful.
* Eat light meals and limit consumption of alcohol. Alcohol increases urine output which can result in disturbed sleep by causing awakenings in order to urinate. Whilst it can accelerate sleep onset, it reduces sleep quality, making sleep less recuperative. The after effects of alcohol (hangover) can exacerbate the effects of jet lag and travel fatigue. Alcohol should therefore be consumed in moderation, if at all, before and during flight. Caffeine should be limited to normal amounts and avoided within a few hours of an anticipated period of sleep.
* Try to create the right conditions when preparing for sleep. When taking a nap during the day, eyeshades and earplugs may help. Regular exercise during the day may help to promote sleep, but avoid strenuous exercise immediately before sleep.
* At the destination, try to get as much sleep in every 24 hours as normal. A minimum block of 4 hours sleep during the local night – known as “anchor sleep” – is thought to be necessary to allow the body’s internal clock to adapt to the new time zone. If possible, make up the total sleep time by taking naps at times when feeling sleepy during the day.
* The cycle of light and dark is one of the most important factors in setting the body’s internal clock. Exposure to daylight at the destination will usually help adaptation.
* Short-acting sleeping pills may be helpful. They should be used only in accordance with medical advice and should not normally be taken during the flight, as they may increase immobility and therefore the risk of developing DVT.
* Melatonin is available in some countries and can be used to help resynchronize the body’s internal clock. It is normally sold as a food supplement and therefore is not subject to the same strict control as medications (for example, it has not been approved for use as a medication in the United States, but can be sold as a food supplement). The timing and effective dosage of melatonin have not been fully evaluated and its side effects, particularly if used long term, are unknown. In addition, manufacturing methods are not standardised and therefore the dose in each tablet can be very variable and some harmful compounds may be present. For these reasons, melatonin cannot be recommended.
* It is not always appropriate to adjust to local time for short trips of 2–3 days or less. If in doubt, seek specialist travel medicine advice.
* Individuals react in different ways to time zone changes. Frequent flyers should learn how their own body responds and adopt habits accordingly. Advice from a travel medicine clinic may be beneficial in determining an effective coping strategy.
Psychological aspects
Travel by air is not a natural activity for humans and many people experience some degree of psychological difficulty when flying. The main problems encountered are stress and fear of flying. These may occur together or separately at different times before and during the period of travel.
Stress
All forms of travel generate stress. Flying can be particularly stressful because it often involves a long journey to the airport, curtailed sleep and the need to walk long distances in the terminal building. Most passengers find their own ways of coping, but passengers who find air travel particularly stressful should seek medical advice in good time. Good planning (passports, tickets, medication, etc) and allowing plenty of time to get to the airport helps relieve stress.
Flight phobia (fear of flying)
Fear of flying may range from feeling slightly anxious to being unable to travel by air at all. It can lead to problems at work and leisure.
Travellers who want to travel by air but are unable to do so because of their fear of flying should seek medical advice before the journey. Medication may be useful in some cases but the use of alcohol “to steady the nerves” is not helpful and may be dangerous if combined with some medicines. For a longer-term solution, travellers should seek specialized treatment to reduce the psychological difficulties associated with air travel. There are many courses available that aim to reduce or cure, fear of flying. These typically include advice on how to cope with the symptoms of fear, information about how an aircraft flies, how controls are operated during a flight and, in most cases, a short flight.
Air rage
In recent years, air rage has been recognized as a form of disruptive behaviour associated with air travel. It appears to be linked to high levels of general stress but not specifically to flight phobia. It is frequently preceded by excessive consumption of alcohol.
Travellers with medical conditions or special needs
Airlines have the right to refuse to carry passengers with conditions that may worsen, or have serious consequences, during the flight. Airlines may require medical clearance from their medical department/adviser if there is an indication that a passenger could be suffering from any disease or physical or mental condition that:
* May be considered a potential hazard to the safety of the aircraft
* Adversely affects the welfare and comfort of the other passengers and/or crew members
* Requires medical attention and/or special equipment during the flight
* May be aggravated by the flight.
If cabin crew suspect before departure that a passenger may be ill, the aircraft’s captain will be informed and a decision taken as to whether the passenger is fit to travel, needs medical attention, or presents a danger to other passengers and crew or to the safety of the aircraft.
Although this chapter provides some general guidelines on conditions that may require medical clearance in advance, airline policies do vary and the requirements should always be checked at the time of, or prior to, booking the flight. A good place to find information is often the airline’s own web site.
Infants
Air travel is not recommended for infants less than seven days old. If travel is absolutely necessary for babies who are over seven days, but were born prematurely, medical advice should be sought in each case. Changes in cabin air pressure may upset infants; this can be helped by feeding or giving a pacifier to stimulate swallowing.
Pregnant women
Pregnant women can normally travel safely by air, but most airlines restrict travel in late pregnancy. Typical guidelines for those who have an uncomplicated pregnancy are:
* after the 28th week of pregnancy a letter from a doctor or midwife should be carried, confirming the expected date of delivery and that the pregnancy is normal
* for single pregnancies, flying is permitted up to the end of the 36th week
* for multiple pregnancies, flying is permitted up to the end of the 32nd week.
Pre-existing illness
Most people with medical conditions are able to travel safely by air, provided that necessary precautions, such as the need for additional oxygen supply, are considered in advance.
Those who have underlying health problems such as cancer, heart or lung disease, anaemia, diabetes, are on any form of regular medication or treatment, have recently had surgery or have been in hospital, or who are concerned about their fitness to travel for any other reason, should consult their doctor or a travel medicine clinic before deciding to travel by air.
Medication that may be required during the journey, or soon after arrival, should be carried in the hand luggage. It is also advisable to carry a copy of the prescription in case the medication is lost, additional supplies are needed or security checks require proof of purpose.
Frequent travellers with medical conditions
Frequent travellers who have a permanent and stable underlying health problem may obtain a frequent traveller’s medical card from the medical or reservation department of many airlines. This card is accepted, under specified conditions, as proof of medical clearance and for identification of the holder’s medical condition.
Security Issues
Security checks can cause concerns for travellers who have been fitted with metal devices such as artificial joints, pacemakers or internal automatic defibrillators. Some pacemakers may be affected by modern security screening equipment and travellers with these should carry a letter from their doctor. Travellers who need to carry other medical equipment in their hand luggage, particularly sharp items
such as hypodermic needles, should also carry a letter from their doctor.
Smokers
Almost all airlines now ban smoking on board. Some smokers may find this stressful, particularly during long flights, and should discuss this with their doctor before travelling. Nicotine replacement patches or chewing gum containing nicotine may be helpful during the flight and the use of other medication or techniques may also be considered.
Travellers with disabilities
A physical disability is not usually a contraindication for travel. Passengers who are unable to look after their own needs during the flight (including use of the toilet and transfer from wheelchair to seat and vice versa) will need to be accompanied by an escort able to provide all necessary assistance.
The cabin crew are generally not permitted to provide such assistance and a traveller who requires it and does not have a suitable escort may not be permitted to travel. Travellers confined to wheelchairs should be advised against deliberately restricting their fluid intake before or during travel as a means of avoiding use of toilets during flights as this might detrimentally affect their general health.
Airlines have regulations on conditions of travel for passengers with disabilities. Disabled passengers should contact the airline in advance of their travel for guidance (the airline’s own web site often gives useful information).
Communicable diseases
Research has shown that there is very little risk of any infectious disease being transmitted on board the aircraft.
The quality of aircraft cabin air is carefully controlled. Ventilation rates provide a total change of air 20–30 times per hour. Most modern aircraft have recirculation systems, which recycle up to 50% of cabin air. The recirculated air is usually passed through HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filters, of the type used in hospital operating theatres and intensive care units, which trap particles, bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Transmission of infection may occur between passengers who are seated in the same area of an aircraft, usually as a result of the infected person coughing or sneezing or by touch (direct contact or contact with the same parts of the aircraft cabin and furnishings that other passengers touch). This is no different from any other situation where people are close to each other, such as on a train, bus or at
a theatre. Highly infectious conditions, such as influenza, are more likely to be spread to other passengers in situations when the aircraft ventilation system is not operating. A small auxiliary power unit is normally used to provide ventilation when the aircraft is on the ground, before the main engines are started, but occasionally this is not operated for environmental (noise) or technical reasons.
In such cases, when associated with a prolonged delay, passengers may be temporarily disembarked.
In order to minimise the risk of passing on infections, passengers who are unwell, particularly if they have a fever, should delay their journey until they have recovered. Airlines may deny boarding to passengers who appear to be infected with a communicable disease.
Aircraft disinsection
Many countries require disinsection of aircraft (to kill insects) arriving from countries where diseases that are spread by insects, such as malaria and yellow fever, occur. There have been a number of cases of malaria affecting individuals who live or work in the vicinity of airports in countries where malaria is not present, thought to be due to the escape of malaria-carrying mosquitoes transported on aircraft. Some countries, e.g. Australia and New Zealand, routinely require disinsection be carried out in order to prevent inadvertent introduction of species that may harm their agriculture.
Disinsection is a public health measure that is mandated by the current International Health Regulations (see Annex 3). It involves treatment of the interior of the aircraft with insecticides specified by WHO. The different procedures currently in use are as follows:
* treatment of the interior of the aircraft using a quick-acting insecticide spray immediately before take-off, with the passengers on board;
* treatment of the interior of the aircraft on the ground before passengers come on board, using a residual insecticide aerosol, plus additional inflight treatment with a quick-acting spray shortly before landing;
* regular application of a residual insecticide to all internal surfaces of the aircraft, except those in food preparation areas.
Travellers are sometimes concerned about their exposure to insecticide sprays while travelling by air. Some people have reported that they feel unwell after spraying of aircraft for disinsection. However, WHO has found no evidence that the specified insecticide sprays are harmful to human health when used as prescribed.
Medical assistance on board
Airlines are required to provide minimum levels of medical equipment on aircraft and to train all cabin crew in first aid. The equipment carried varies, with many airlines carrying more than the minimum level of equipment required by the regulations. Equipment carried on a typical international flight would include:
* one or more first-aid kits, to be used by the crew;
* a medical kit, normally to be used by a doctor or other qualified person, to treat in-flight medical emergencies;
* an automated external defibrillator (AED) to be used by the crew in case of cardiac arrest.
Cabin crew are trained in the use of first-aid equipment and in carrying out first-aid and resuscitation procedures. They are usually also trained to recognize a range of medical conditions that may cause emergencies on board and to act appropriately to manage these.
In addition, many airlines have facilities to enable crew to contact a medical expert at a ground-based response centre for advice on how to manage in-flight medical emergencies.
Contraindications to air travel
Travel by air is normally contraindicated in the following cases:
* Infants less than 7 days old;
* Women after the 36th week of pregnancy (after 32nd week for multiple pregnancies) and until seven days after delivery;
* Those suffering from:
o angina pectoris or chest pain at rest
o any serious or acute infectious disease
o decompression sickness after diving
o increased intracranial pressure due to haemorrhage, trauma or infection
o infections of the sinuses or infections of the ear and nose, particularly if the Eustachian tube is blocked
o recent myocardial infarction and stroke (time period depending on severity of illness and duration of travel)
o recent surgery or injury where trapped air or gas may be present, especially abdominal trauma and gastrointestinal surgery, cranio-facial and ocular injuries, brain operations, and eye operations involving penetration of the eyeball
o severe chronic respiratory disease, breathlessness at rest, or unresolved pneumothorax
o sickle-cell disease
o psychotic illness, except when fully controlled.
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